Antiangiogenic peptides and methods for inhibiting angiogenesis

ABSTRACT

Mammalian kringle 5 fragments are disclosed as a compounds for treating angiogenic diseases. Methods and compositions for inhibiting angiogenic diseases are also disclosed.

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/132,154, filed Aug. 11, 1998, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/832,087, filed Apr. 3, 1997, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/643,219, now U.S. Pat No. 5,801,146 filed May 3, 1996.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to the field of peptide chemistry. More particularly, the invention relates to the preparation and use of peptides containing amino acid sequences substantially similar to the corresponding sequences of the kringle 5 region of mammalian plasminogen, pharmaceutical compositions containing the peptides, antibodies specific for the angiostatin receptor, means for angiostatin detection and measurement, cytotoxic agents linked to angiostatin proteins and treatment of diseases which arise from or are exacerbated by angiogenesis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels are formed, is essential for normal body activities including reproduction, development and wound repair. Although the process is not completely understood, it is believed to involve a complex interplay of molecules which regulate the growth of endothelial cells (the primary cells of capillary blood vessels). Under normal conditions, these molecules appear to maintain the microvasculature in a quiescent state (i.e. one of no capillary growth) for prolonged periods which may last for as long as weeks or, in some cases, decades. When necessary (such as during wound repair), these same cells can undergo rapid proliferation and turnover within a 5 day period (Folkman, J. and Shing, Y., The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267(16), 10931-10934, and Folkman, J. and Klagsbrun, M., Science, 235, 442-447 (1987).

Although angiogenesis is a highly regulated process under normal conditions, many diseases (characterized as angiogenic diseases) are driven by persistent unregulated angiogenesis. Otherwise stated, unregulated angiogenesis may either cause a particular disease directly or exascerbate an existing pathological condition. For example, ocular neovacularization has been implicated as the most common cause of blindness and dominates approximately 20 eye diseases. In certain existing conditions, such as arthritis, newly formed capillary blood vessels invade the joints and destroy cartilage. In diabetes, new capillaries formed in the retina invade the vitreous, bleed, and cause blindness. Growth and metastasis of solid tumors are also dependent on angiogenesis (Folkman, J., Cancer Research, 46, 467-473 (1986), Folkman, J., Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 82, 4-6 (1989). It has been shown, for example, that tumors which enlarge to greater than 2 mm must obtain their own blood supply and do so by inducing the growth of new capillary blood vessels. Once these new blood vessels become embedded in the tumor, they provide a means for tumor cells to enter the circulation and metastasize to distant sites such as liver, lung or bone (Weidner, N., et al., The New England Journal of Medicine, 324(1), 1-8 (1991).

To date, several naturally occurring angiogenic factors have been described and characterized (Fidler, J. I. and Ellis, L. M., Cell, 79, 185-189 (1994). Recently, O'Reilly, et al. have isolated and purified a 38 kilodalton (kDa) protein from serum and urine of tumor-bearing mice that inhibits endothelial cell proliferation (O'Reilly, M. et al., Cell, 79, 315-328 (1994) and International Application WO 95/29242, published Nov. 2, 1995. Microsequence analysis of this endothelial inhibitor showed 98% sequence homology to an internal fragment of murine plasminogen. Angiostatin, as the murine inhibitory fragment was named, was a peptide which included the first four kringle regions of murine plasminogen. A peptide fragment from the same region of human plasminogen (i.e. containing kringles 1-4) also strongly inhibited proliferation of capillary endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. The intact plasminogen from which this peptide fragment was derived did not possess as potent an inhibitory effect.

Several angiogenesis inhibitors are currently under development for use in treating angiogenic diseases (Gasparini, G. and Harris, A. L., J. Clin. Oncol., 13(3): 765-782, (1995), but there are disadvantages associated with these compounds. Suramin, for example, is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor but causes severe systemic toxicity in humans at doses required for antitumor activity. Compounds such as retinoids, interferons and antiestrogens are safe for human use but have weak antiangiogenic effects.

Thus, there is a need for compounds useful in treating angiogenic diseases in mammals. More specifically, there is a need for angiogenesis inhibitors which are safe for therapeutic use and which exhibit selective toxicity with respect to the pathological condition such as by selectively inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells while exhibiting no or a low degree of toxicity to normal (ie. non-cancerous) cells. Such compounds should also be easily and cost-effectively made.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In its principle embodiment, the present invention provides a kringle 5 peptide fragment represented by the structural formula

 A-B-C-X-Y  (I),

or a pharmaceutically acceptible salt thereof, wherein

A is absent or a nitrogen protecting group;

Y is absent or a carboxylic acid protecting group;

B is absent, a naturally-occuring amino acid residue or a peptide of between 2 and 197 amino acids (inclusive), the α-N-terminal optionally capped with A, the α-C-terminal optionally capped with Y and a substantial sequence homology to the corresponding amino acid sequence from Asp³³⁴ to Arg⁵³⁰ (inclusive) of SEQ ID NO: 1;

C is absent or R¹-R²-R³-R⁴ wherein

R¹ is lysyl,

R² is selected from leucyl and arginyl,

R³ is selected from tyrosyl, 3-I-tyrosyl and phenylalanyl and

R⁴ is aspartyl,

with the proviso that at least one of B or C is present, and

X is absent, a naturally occuring amino acid residue or a peptide of between 2 and 11 amino acids (inclusive), the α-N-terminal optionally capped with A, the α-C-terminal optionally capped with Y and a substantial sequence homology to the corresponding amino acid sequence beginning at Tyr⁵³⁵ and ending at Phe⁵⁴⁶ of SEQ ID NO: 1.

The present invention also includes a method for treating a patient in need of antiangiogenesis therapy comprising adminstering to the patient a compound containing a kringle 5 peptide fragment.

The present invention also includes a composition for treating a patient in need of anti-angiogenesis therapy comprising a compound containing a kringle 5 peptide fragment, kringle 5 antisera, kringle 5 receptor agonists and antagonists and kringle 5 antagonists linked to cytotoxic agents either alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptible excipient and/or optionally sustained release compounds to form a therapeutic composition.

The present invention also includes a composition for the treatment of a disease selected from the group consisting of cancer, arthritis, macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy comprising a compound containing a kringle 5 peptide fragment.

The present invention also includes a composition comprising an isolated single or double-stranded polynucleotide sequence that encodes a kringle 5 peptide fragment or kringle 5 peptide fragment conjugate. Such a polynucleotide is preferably a DNA molecule. The present invention also includes a vector containing a DNA sequence encoding a kringle 5 peptide fragment or kringle 5 peptide fragment conjugate wherein the vector is capable of expressing a kringle 5 peptide fragment or kringle 5 peptide conjugate when present in a cell and a composition comprising a cell containing a vector wherein the vector contains a DNA sequence encoding a kringle 5 peptide fragment or kringle 5 peptide conjugate. The present invention further encompasses gene therapy methods whereby DNA sequences encoding a kringle 5 peptide fragment or kringle 5 peptide fragment conjugate are introduced into a patient to modify in vivo kringle 5 levels.

The present invention also includes a method of making a kringle 5 peptide fragment comprising the steps of: (a) exposing mammalian plasminogen to human or porcine elastase at a ratio of about 1:100 to about 1:300 to form a mixture of said plasminogen and said elastase; (b) incubating said mixture and (c) isolating the kringle 5 peptide fragment from said mixture.

The present invention also includes a method of making a kringle 5 peptide fragment comprising the steps of: (a) exposing mammalian plasminogen to human or porcine elastase at an elastase:plasminogen ratio of about 1:100 to about 1:300 to form a mixture of said elastase and said plasminogen; (b) incubating said mixture; and (c) isolating a protein conjugate of a kringle 5 peptide fragment from said mixture; (d) exposing said protein conjugate of the kringle 5 peptide fragment to pepsin at a ratio of about 1:0.2 to form a mixture of said pepsin and said plasminogen and (d) isolating said kringle 5 peptide fragment from said mixture.

The present invention also includes antibodies specific for the kringle 5 binding site and methods for the production of antibodies specific for the kringle 5 binding site. Antibodies can be monoclonal and polyclonal and can be used in diagnostic kits for detection and measurement of kringle 5 peptide fragment concentrations and for localization of kringle 5 proteins in tissues and cells. The antibodies specific for kringle 5 can be used in the diagnostic kits to detect the presence and quantity of kringle 5 peptide fragments which are indicative of diseases caused or exacerbated by angiogenesis, to isolate pure kringle 5 peptide fragments from mixtures containing kringle 5 peptide fragments and to isolate the kringle 5 receptor.

The present invention also includes methods and kits for the detection and measurement of kringle 5 peptide fragments in body fluid or tissue. The diagnostic kit would be in any configuration well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art and would provide instructions and the necessary kringle 5 peptide fragments and antisera for the measurement of kringle 5 peptide fragments in biological fluids and tissue extracts of animals and humans with and without tumors.

The present invention also includes a method for preparing kringle 5 peptide fragments or prodrugs of kringle 5 peptide fragments synthetically by standard methods of solid phase or solution phase chemistry or recombinant technology known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

The present invention also includes kringle 5 peptide fragments which can be labeled isotopically or with other molecules or proteins for use in the detection and visualization of kringle 5 binding sites with techniques including, but not limited to, radioimmunoassays, competitive and non-competitive assays, bioluminescence and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1(a)-1(c) shows the amino acid sequence of human plasminogen (SEQ ID NO: 1).

FIGS. 2(a)-2(b) shows the comparative homology in amino acid sequences of human (SEQ ID NO: 2), mouse (SEQ ID NO: 8), monkey (SEQ ID NO: 9), bovine (SEQ ID NO: 10), and porcine (SEQ ID NO: 11) kringle 5.

FIG. 3 shows a graph of the anit-proliferative activity of a single dose of various kringle fragments on bovine capillary endothelial (BCE) cells when tested in an in vitro cell proliferation assay.

FIG. 4(a) shows a graph of the anti-proliferative activity of various concentrations of kringle 5 (SEQ ID NO:3) on (BCE) cells when tested in an in vitro cell proliferation assay.

FIG. 4(b) shows a graph of the anti-proliferative activity of various concentrations of kringles 1-4 on BCE cells when tested in an in vitro cell proliferation assay.

FIG. 4(c) shows a summary of ED₅₀ values obtained from the inhibition of various kringle fragments on BCE cell proliferation in vitro. In this Figure: kringle 1 represents the sequence of FIG. 1 from amino acid position 80 to amino acid position 163, kringle 2* represents the sequence of FIG. 1 from amino acid position 161 to amino acid position 245, kringle 3* represents the sequence of FIG. 1 from amino acid position 253 to amino acid position 335, kringle 4 represents the sequence of FIG. 1 from amino acid position 354 to amino acid position 443, kringles 2-3* represents the sequence of FIG. 1 from amino acid position 161 to amino acid position 335, kringles 1-3 represent the sequence of FIG. 1 from amino acid position 80 to amino acid position 353, kringles 1-4 represent the sequence of FIG. 1 from amino acid position 80 to amino acid position 443, and kringle 5 represents SEQ ID NO:3. (*=Marti, D., et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 219:455-462 (1994)).

FIG. 5 shows a graph of the effect of various kringle fragments on inhibition of endothial cell migration in vitro.

FIGS. 6(a)-6(b) shows the DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:12) of human plasminogen.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, the term “kringle 5” refers to the region of mammalian plasminogen having three disulfide bonds which contribute to the specific three-dimensional confirmation defined by the fifth kringle region of the mammalian plasminogen molecule. One such disulfide bond links the cysteine residues located at amino acid positions 462 and 541, a second links the cysteine residues located at amino acid positions 483 and 524 and a third links the cysteine residues located at amino acid positions 512 and 536. The amino acid sequence of a complete mammalian plasminogen molecule (the human plasminogen molecule), including its kringle 5 region, is shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1).

As used herein, the term “kringle 5 peptide fragment” refers to a peptide of between 4 and 104 amino acids (inclusive) with a substantial sequence homology to the corresponding peptide fragment of mammalian plasminogen, an α-N-terminus at about amino acid position 443 of intact mammalian plasminogen and an α-C-terminus at about position 546. The total length of the a kringle 5 peptide fragment may vary depending upon the manner in which the kringle 5 peptide is obtained or may vary somewhat in sequence depending upon the species from which it is obtained. For example, certain forms of kringle 5 peptide fragments may be produced by proteolytic cleavage of glu-plasminogen, lys-plasminogen or miniplasminogen using the enzymes human or porcine elastase. When produced in this manner, the α-C-terminal of the peptide resides at about amino acid 543 of SEQ ID NO: 1, but the α-N-terminal amino acid may begin at amino acid position 443, 449 or 454. Thus, a kringle 5 peptide fragment resulting from human or porcine elastase digestion of glu-plasminogen, lys-plasminogen or miniplasminogen may have a total length of either 101 (SEQ ID NO: 2), 95 (SEQ ID NO: 3) or 90 (SEQ ID NO: 4) amino acids. A summary of these kringle 5 peptide fragments is shown in Table 1. When produced in the aformentioned manner, a pool of these three fragments is obtained wherein about 60% of the fragments have a length of 95 amino acids, about 35% of the fragments have the length of 101 amino acids and about 5% of the fragments have a length of 90 amino acids. If desired, these various fragments may be further purified by reverse phase HPLC, a technique well-known to those skilled in the art.

Alternatively, kringle 5 peptide fragments or kringle 5 peptide fragments bound to protein conjugates may be obtained by expression of a recombinant molecule comprising a polynucleotide having a sequence which encodes proteins having kringle 5 peptide fragment with an α-N terminal at amino acid position 443, 449 or 454 (preferably at position 443) and an α-C-terminal at amino acid position 543 and 546 (preferably at position 543) and then purifying the peptide product which is expressed (see Menhart, N., et al, Biochemistry, 32: 8799-8806 (1993). The DNA sequence of human plasminogen has been published (Browne, M. J. et al. Fibrinolysis, 5(4): 257-260 (1991) and is shown in FIGS. 3(a-b) (SEQ ID NO: 12). A polynucleotide sequence encoding kringle 5 begins at about nucleotide position 1421 of SEQ ID NO: 12 and ends at about nucleotide position 1723. This method of making a kringle 5 peptide fragment employs conventional techniques of molecular biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA and immunology, all of which are within the skill of the art and fully explained in the literature. (See for example, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual” Second Edition by Sambrook et al., Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1989. For example, the gene for a kringle 5 peptide fragment may be isolated from cells or tissues that express high levels of kringle 5 peptide fragments by (1) isolating messenger RNA from the tissue or cells, (2) using reverse transcriptase to generate the corresponding DNA sequence and (3) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the appropriate primers to amplify the DNA sequence coding for the active kringle 5 amino acid sequence. Furthermore, a polynucleotide encoding a kringle 5 peptide fragment may be cloned into any commercially available expression vector (such as pBR322, pUC vectors and the like) or expression/purification vectors (such as a GST fusion vector (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.)) and then expressed in a suitable procaryotic, viral or eucaryotic host. Purification may then be achieved by conventional means or, in the case of a commercial expression/purification system, in accordance with manufacturer's instructions.

Kringle 5 peptide fragments may also be synthesized by standard methods of solid phase chemistry known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example kringle 5 peptide fragments may be synthesized by solid phase chemistry techniques following the procedures described by Steward and Young (Steward, J. M. and Young, J. D., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2nd Ed., Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill., (1984) using an Applied Biosystem synthesizer. Similarly, multiple fragments may be synthesized then linked together to form larger fragments. These synthetic peptide fragments can also be made with amino acid substitutions at specific locations to test for kringle 5 fragment-like activity in vitro and in vivo. For solid phase peptide synthesis, a summary of the many techniques may be found in J. M. Stewart and J. D. Young, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, W. H. Freeman Co. (San Francisco), 1963 and J. Meienhofer, Hormonal Proteins and Peptides, vol. 2, p. 46, Academic Press (New York), 1973. For classical solution synthesis see G. Schroder and K. Lupke, The Peptides, Vol. 1, Acacemic Press (New York). In general, these methods comprise the sequential addition of one or more amino acids or suitably protected amino acids to a growing peptide chain. Normally, either the amino or carboxyl group of the first amino acid is protected by a suitable protecting group. The protected or derivatized amino acid is then either attached to an inert solid support or utilized in solution by adding the next amino acid in the sequence having the complimentary (amino or carboxyl) group suitably protected and under conditions suitable for forming the amide linkage. The protecting group is then removed from this newly added amino acid residue and the next amino acid (suitably protected) is added, and so forth. After all the desired amino acids have been linked in the proper sequence, any remaining protecting groups (and any solid support) are removed sequentially or concurrently to afford the final polypeptide. By simple modification of this general procedure, it is possible to add more than one amino acid at a time to a growing chain, for example, by coupling (under conditions which do not racemize chiral centers) a protected tripeptide with a properly protected dipeptide to form, after deprotection, a pentapeptide.

A particularly preferred method of preparing compounds of the present invention involves solid phase peptide synthesis wherein the amino acid α-N-terminal is protected by an acid or base sensitive group. Such protecting groups should have the properties of being stable to the conditions of peptide linkage formation while being readily removable without destruction of the growing peptide chain or racemization of any of the chiral centers contained therein. Suitable protecting groups are 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc), t-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), biphenylisopropyloxycarbonyl, t-amyloxycarbonyl, isobornyloxycarbonyl, α,α-dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, o-nitrophenylsulfenyl, 2-cyano-t-butyloxycarbonyl, and the like. The 9-fluorenyl- methyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protecting group is particularly preferred for the synthesis of kringle 5 peptide fragments. Other preferred side chain protecting groups are, for side chain amino groups like lysine and arginine, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonyl (pmc), nitro, p-toluenesulfonyl, 4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, Cbz, Boc, and adamantyloxycarbonyl; for tyrosine, benzyl, o-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, isopropyl, t-butyl (t-Bu), cyclohexyl, cyclopenyl and acetyl (Ac); for serine, t-butyl, benzyl and tetrahydropyranyl; for histidine, trityl, benzyl, Cbz, p-toluenesulfonyl and 2,4-dinitrophenyl; for tryptophan, formyl; for asparticacid and glutamic acid, benzyl and t-butyl and for cysteine, triphenylmethyl (trityl). In the solid phase peptide synthesis method, the α-C-terminal amino acid is attached to a suitable solid support or resin. Suitable solid supports useful for the above synthesis are those materials which are inert to the reagents and reaction conditions of the stepwise condensation-deprotection reactions, as well as being insoluble in the media used. The preferred solid support for synthesis of α-C-terminal carboxy peptides is 4-hydroxymethylphenoxymethyl-copoly(styrene-1% divinylbenzene). The preferred solid support for α-C-terminal amide peptides is the 4-(2′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl-Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxyacetamidoethyl resin available from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). The α-C-terminal amino acid is coupled to the resin by means of N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) or O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium-hexafluorophosphate (HBTU), with or without 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT), benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium-hexafluorophosphate (BOP) or bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphine chloride (BOPC1), mediated coupling for from about 1 to about 24 hours at a temperature of between 10° and 50° C. in a solvent such as dichloromethane or DMF. When the solid support is 4-(2′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl-Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxyacetamidoethyl resin, the Fmoc group is cleaved with a secondary amine, preferably piperidine, prior to coupling with the α-C-terminal amino acid as described above. The preferred method for coupling to the deprotected 4-(2′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl-Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxy-acetamidoethyl resin is O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluoro-phosphate (HBTU, 1 equiv.) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT, 1 equiv.) in DMF. The coupling of successive protected amino acids can be carried out in an automatic polypeptide synthesizer as is well known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the α-N-terminal in the amino acids of the growing peptide chain are protected with Fmoc. The removal of the Fmoc protecting group from the α-N-terminal side of the growing peptide is accomplished by treatment with a secondary amine, preferably piperidine. Each protected amino acid is then introduced in about 3-fold molar excess, and the coupling is preferably carried out in DMF. The coupling agent is normally O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (HBTU, 1 equiv.) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT, 1 equiv.). At the end of the solid phase synthesis, the polypeptide is removed from the resin and deprotected, either in successively or in a single operation. Removal of the polypeptide and deprotection can be accomplished in a single operation by treating the resin-bound polypeptide with a cleavage reagent comprising thianisole, water, ethanedithiol and trifluoroacetic acid. In cases wherein the α-C-terminal of the polypeptide is an alkylamide, the resin is cleaved by aminolysis with an alkylamine. Alternatively, the peptide may be removed by transesterification, e.g. with methanol, followed by aminolysis or by direct transamidation. The protected peptide may be purified at this point or taken to the next step directly. The removal of the side chain protecting groups is accomplished using the cleavage cocktail described above. The fully deprotected peptide is purified by a sequence of chromatographic steps employing any or all of the following types: ion exchange on a weakly basic resin (acetate form); hydrophobic adsorption chromatography on underivitized polystyrene-divinylbenzene (for example, Amberlite XAD); silica gel adsorption chromatography; ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose; partition chromatography, e.g. on Sephadex G-25, LH-20 or countercurrent distribution; high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), especially reverse-phase HPLC on octyl- or octadecylsilyl-silica bonded phase column packing. Molecular weights of these kringle 5 peptide fragments are determined using Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) Mass Spectroscopy. Solid phase kringle 5 peptide fragment synthesis is illustrated in Examples 1 to 12.

Depending on how they are produced, kringle 5 peptide fragments may exist with or without the aformentioned disulfide bonds of the kringle 5 region of mammalian plasminogen or may exist with disulfide bonds forming a tertiary structure which differs from the tertiary structure found in native mammalian plasminogen (for example, disulfide bonds between Cys⁴⁶² and Cys⁴⁸³, between Cys⁵¹² and and between Cys⁵²⁴ and Cys⁵³⁶ and Cys⁵⁴¹. Kringle 5 peptide fragments produced by enzymatic cleavage of Glu-, Lys- or miniplasminogen with elastase and/or pepsin (enzymes which cleave at sites removed from the cysteine linkages) will contain the native tertiary kringle 5 protein structure; kringle 5 peptide fragments prepared by solid phase peptide synthesis may or may not contain cystyl amino acyl residues and kringle 5 peptide fragments prepared by expression may contain disulfide bonds at different positions than those found in kringle 5 peptide fragments produced by enzymatic cleavage.

As used herein, the term “conjugate of a kringle 5 peptide fragment” means a kringle 5 peptide fragment chemically coupled to another protein to form a conjugate. Examples of conjugates of kringle 5 peptide fragments include a kringle 5 peptide fragment coupled to albumin or to a peptide fragment from another kringle region of mammalian plasminogen. Molecular weights of conjugates of kringle 5 peptide fragments are between about 1,000 and about 25,000 kDa.

As used herein, the term “substantial sequence homology” means approximately 60% amino acid identity, desirably at least approximately 70% amino acid identity, more desirably approximately 80% amino acid identity and most desirably approximately 95% amino acid identity of the corresponding peptide sequence of human plasminogen. Because the amino acid sequence or the number of amino acids in a kringle 5 peptide fragment may vary from species to species or from the method of production, the total number of amino acids in a kringle 5 peptide fragment cannot, in some instances, be defined exactly. Given that these sequences are identical in at least 73% of their amino acids, it is to be understood that the amino acid sequence of a kringle 5 peptide fragment is substantially similar among species and that methods of production of kringle 5 peptide fragments provide kringle 5 peptide fragments with substantial sequence homology to the corresponding amino acid sequences of human plasminogen. FIG. 2 shows the amino acid sequence of a human kringle 5 peptide fragment having 95 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 2) is in comparison with the sequences of kringle 5 fragments from murine (SEQ ID NO: 8), Rhesus monkey (SEQ ID NO: 9), bovine (SEQ ID NO: 10) and porcine (SEQ ID NO: 11) plasminogen.

Thus, the present invention contemplates amino acid residue sequences that have substantial sequence homology to the sequences set forth herein such that those sequences demonstrate like biological activity to disclosed kringle 5 peptide fragment sequences. It is well known in the art that modifications and changes can be made without substantially altering the biological function of that peptide. For example, alterations to kringle 5 peptide fragments may enhance the peptide's potency or stability to enzymatic breakdown. Such contemplated sequences include those analogous sequences characterized by a change in amino acid residue sequence or type wherein the change does not alter the fundamental nature and biological activity of the aforementioned kringle 5 peptide fragments.

A kringle 5 peptide fragment of the present invention may be characterized on the basis of potency when tested for its ability to inhibit the growth of bovine capillary (BCE) cells in vitro. The data in Table 1 illustrate that the kringle 5 peptide fragment SEQ ID NO: 3 has a 100-fold increase in activity (i.e. at inhibiting BCE cell proliferation) when compared to the kringle 5 peptide fragment SEQ ID NO: 6 and a 400-fold increase in activity when compared to kringle 1-4 peptide fragments.

As used herein, the term “α-N-terminal” refers to the free alpha-amino group of an amino acid in a peptide, and the term “α-C-terminal” refers to the free alpha-carboxylic acid terminus of an amino acid in a peptide.

All peptide sequences are written according to the generally accepted convention whereby the α-N-terminal amino acid residue is on the left and the α-C-terminal is on the right.

As used herein, the term “N-protecting group” refers to those groups intended to protect the α-N-terminal of an amino acid or peptide or to otherwise protect the amino group of an amino acid or peptide against undersirable reactions during synthetic procedures. Commonly used N-protecting groups are disclosed in Greene, “Protective Groups In Organic Synthesis,” (John Wiley & Sons, New York (1981)), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Additionally, protecting groups can be used as prodrugs which are readily cleaved in vivo, for example, by enzymatic hydrolysis, to release the biologically active parent. N-protecting groups comprise loweralkanoyl groups such as formyl, acetyl (“Ac”), propionyl, pivaloyl, t-butylacetyl and the like; other acyl groups include 2-chloroacetyl, 2-bromoacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, trichloroacetyl, phthalyl, o-nitrophenoxyacetyl, α-chlorobutyryl, benzoyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, 4-bromobenzoyl, 4-nitrobenzoyl and the like; sulfonyl groups such as benzenesulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl and the like; carbamate forming groups such as benzyloxycarbonyl, p-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxy-carbonyl, 2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 1-(p-biphenylyl)-1-methylethoxycarbonyl, α,α-dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, benzhydryloxycarbonyl, t-butyloxycarbonyl, diisopropylmethoxycarbonyl, isopropyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, 2,2,2,-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, 4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl, fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl, cyclopentyloxycarbonyl, adamantyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexyloxycarbonyl, phenylthiocarbonyl and the like; arylalkyl groups such as benzyl, triphenylmethyl, benzyloxymethyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) and the like and silyl groups such as trimethylsilyl and the like. Preferred N-protecting groups are formyl, acetyl, benzoyl, pivaloyl, t-butylacetyl, phenylsulfonyl, benzyl, t-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) and benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz). For example, lysine may be protected at the α-N-terminal by an acid labile group (e.g. Boc) and protected at the ε-N-terminal by a base labile group (e.g. Fmoc) then deprotected selectively during synthesis.

As used herein, the term “carboxy protecting group” refers to a carboxylic acid protecting ester or amide group employed to block or protect the carboxylic acid functionality while the reactions involving other functional sites of the compound are performed. Carboxy protecting groups are disclosed in Greene, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” pp. 152-186 (1981), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Additionally, a carboxy protecting group can be used as a prodrug whereby the carboxy protecting group can be readily cleaved in vivo, for example by enzymatic hydrolysis, to release the biologically active parent. Such carboxy protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art, having been extensively used in the protection of carboxyl groups in the penicillin and cephalosporin fields as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,840,556 and 3,719,667, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Representative carboxy protecting groups are C₁-C₈ loweralkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl or t-butyl and the like); arylalkyl such as phenethyl or benzyl and substituted derivatives thereof such as alkoxybenzyl or nitrobenzyl groups and the like; arylalkenyl such as phenylethenyl and the like; aryl and substituted derivatives thereof such as 5-indanyl and the like; dialkylaminoalkyl such as dimethylaminoethyl and the like); alkanoyloxyalkyl groups such as acetoxymethyl, butyryloxymethyl, valeryloxymethyl, isobutyryloxymethyl, isovaleryloxymethyl, 1-(propionyloxy)-1-ethyl, 1-(pivaloyloxyl)-1-ethyl, 1-methyl-1-(propionyloxy)-1-ethyl, pivaloyloxymethyl, propionyloxymethyl and the like; cycloalkanoyloxyalkyl groups such as cyclopropylcarbonyloxymethyl, cyclobutylcarbonyloxymethyl, cyclopentylcarbonyloxymethyl, cyclohexylcarbonyloxymethyl and the like; aroyloxyalkyl such as benzoyloxymethyl, benzoyloxyethyl and the like; arylalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl such as benzylcarbonyloxymethyl, 2-benzylcarbonyloxyethyl and the like; alkoxycarbonylalkyl or cycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl such as methoxycarbonylmethyl, cyclohexyloxycarbonylmethyl, 1-methoxycarbonyl-1-ethyl and the like; alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl or cycloalkyloxycarbonyloxyalkyl such as methoxycarbonyloxymethyl, t-butyloxycarbonyloxymethyl, 1-ethoxycarbonyloxy-1-ethyl, 1-cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy-1-ethyl and the like; aryloxycarbonyloxyalkyl such as 2-(phenoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl, 2-(5-indanyloxycarbonyloxy)ethyl and the like; alkoxyalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl such as 2-(1-methoxy-2-methylpropan-2-oyloxy)ethyl and like; arylalkyloxycarbonyloxyalkyl such as 2-(benzyloxycarbonyloxy)ethyl and the like; arylalkenyloxycarbonyloxyalkyl such as 2-(3-phenylpropen-2-yloxycarbonyloxy)ethyl and the like; alkoxycarbonylaminoalkyl such as t-butyloxycarbonylaminomethyl and the like; alkylaminocarbonylaminoalkyl such as methylaminocarbonylaminomethyl and the like; alkanoylaminoalkyl such as acetylaminomethyl and the like; heterocycliccarbonyloxyalkyl such as 4-methylpiperazinylcarbonyloxymethyl and the like; dialkylaminocarbonylalkyl such as dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl, diethylaminocarbonylmethyl and the like; (5-(loweralkyl)-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)alkyl such as (5-t-butyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methyl and the like; and (5-phenyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)alkyl such as (5-phenyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methyl and the like.

Representative amide carboxy protecting groups are aminocarbonyl and loweralkylaminocarbonyl groups.

Preferred carboxy-protected compounds of the invention are compounds wherein the protected carboxy group is a loweralkyl, cycloalkyl or arylalkyl ester, for example, methyl ester, ethyl ester, propyl ester, isopropyl ester, butyl ester, sec-butyl ester, isobutyl ester, amyl ester, isoamyl ester, octyl ester, cyclohexyl ester, phenylethyl ester and the like or an alkanoyloxyalkyl, cycloalkanoyloxyalkyl, aroyloxyalkyl or an arylalkylcarbonyloxyalkyl ester. Preferred amide carboxy protecting groups are loweralkylaminocarbonyl groups. For example, aspartic acid may be protected at the α-C-terminal by an acid labile group (e.g. t-butyl) and protected at the β-C-terminal by a hydrogenation labile group (e.g. benzyl) then deprotected selectively during synthesis.

As used herein, the term “loweralkylaminocarbonyl” means a —C(O)NHR¹⁰ group which caps the α-C-terminal of a synthetic, kringle 5 peptide fragment wherein R¹⁰ is C₁-C_(4 alkyl.)

As used herein, the term “aminocarbonyl” indicates a —C(O)NH₂ group which caps the α-C-terminal of a synthetic, kringle 5 peptide fragment.

As used herein, the term “prodrug” refers to compounds which are rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound, for example, by enzymatic hydrolysis in blood. A thorough discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Prodrugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series and in Edward B. Roche, ed., Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, American Pharmaceutical Association and Permagon Press, 1987.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptible prodrug” refers to (1) those prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, commensurate with a suitable benefit-to-risk ratio and effective for their intended use and (2) zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the parent compound.

As used herein, the term “antiangiogenesis activity” refers to the capability of a molecule to inhibit the growth of blood vessels.

As used herein, the term “endothelial inhibiting activity” refers to the capability of a molecule to inhibit angiogenesis in general and, for example, to inhibit the growth or migration of bovine capillary endothelial cells in culture in the presence of fibroblast growth factor or other known growth factors.

As used herein, the term “ED₅₀” is an abbreviation for the dose of a kringle 5 peptide fragment which is effective to inhibit the growth of blood vessels or inhibit the growth of bovine capillary endothelial cells in culture in the presence of fibroblast growth factor or other known growth factors or inhibit the migration of endeothelial cells by one-half of what the growth or migration would be in the absence of the inhibitor.

As used herein, for the most part, the names of naturally-occuring amino acids and aminoacyl residues used herein follow the naming conventions suggested by the IUPAC Commission on the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry and the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature as set out in Nomenclature of α-Amino Acids (Recommendations, 1974), Biochemistry, 14(2), (1975). Accordingly, the terms “Ala,” “Arg,” “Asn,” “Asp,” “Cys,” “Gln,” “Glu,” “Gly,” “His,” “Ile,”“Leu,” “Lys,” “Met,” “Phe,” “Pro,” “Ser,” ““Thr,” “Trp,” “Tyr” and “Val” refer to the amino acids alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine and their corresponding aminoacyl residues in peptides in their L-, D- or D, L-forms. Where no specific configuration is indicated, one skilled in the art would understand that the stereochemistry of the α-carbon of the amino acids and aminoacyl residues in peptides described in this specification and the appendeed claims is the naturally occuring or “L” configuration with the exception of the achiral molecule glycine and with the further exception of any amino acids which are achiral or otherwise designated as “D-.” As used herein, the term “3-I-Tyr” means a L-, D-, or D,L-tyrosyl residue wherein a hydrogen radical ortho to the phenolic hydroxyl is replaced by an iodide radical. The iodide radical may be radioactive or nonradioactive.

The present invention also contemplates amino acid residues with nonnaturally occuring side chain residues such as homophenylalanine, phenylglycine, norvaline, norleucine, ornithine, thiazoylalanine (2-, 4- and 5-substituted) and the like.

Thus, it is to be understood that the present invention is contemplated to encompass any derivatives of kringle 5 peptide fragments which have anti angiogenic activity and includes the entire class of kringle 5 peptide fragments described herein and derivatives of those kringle 5 peptide fragments. Additionally, the invention is not dependent on the manner in which the kringle 5 peptide fragment is produced, i.e. by (1) proteolytic cleavage of an isolated mammalian plasminogen, (2) by expression of a recombinant molecule having a polynucleotide which encodes the amino acid sequence of a kringle 5 peptide fragment or a conjugate containing a kringle 5 peptide fragment and (3) solid phase synthetic techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure B-C-X wherein B is a 88-mer peptide beginning at Val⁴⁴³ and ending at Arg⁵³⁰ of SEQ ID NO: 1; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined, R² is leucyl; R³ is tyrosyl and X is a 9-mer peptide beginning at Tyr⁵³⁵ and ending at Ala⁵⁴³ of SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure B-C-X wherein B is a 82-mer peptide beginning at Val⁴⁴⁹ and ending at Arg⁵³⁰ of SEQ ID NO: 1; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl; R³ is tyrosyl and X is a 9-mer peptide beginning at Tyr⁵³⁵ and ending at Ala⁵⁴³ of SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3).

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure B-C-X wherein B is a 77-mer peptide beginning at Val⁴⁵⁴ and ending at Arg⁵³⁰ of SEQ ID NO: 1; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl; R³ is tyrosyl and X is a 9-mer peptide beginning at Tyr⁵³⁵ and ending at Ala⁵⁴³ of SEQ ID No: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 4). In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure B-C-X wherein B is a 88-mer peptide beginning at Val⁴⁴³ and ending at Arg⁵³⁰ of SEQ ID NO: 1; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl; R³ is tyrosyl and X is a 12-mer peptide beginning at Tyr⁵³⁵ and ending at Phe⁵⁴⁶ of SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 5).

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure structure B-C-X wherein B is a 82-mer peptide beginning at Val⁴⁴⁹ and ending at Arg⁵³⁰ of SEQ ID NO: 1; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl; R³ is tyrosyl and X is a 12-mer peptide beginning at Tyr⁵³⁵ and ending at Phe⁵⁴⁶ of SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 6).

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure B-C-X wherein B is a 77-mer peptide beginning at Val⁴⁵⁴ and ending at Arg⁵³⁰ of SEQ ID NO: 1; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl, R³ is tyrosyl and X is a 12-mer peptide beginning at Tyr⁵³⁵ and ending at Phe⁵⁴⁶ of SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 7).

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure B-C-X wherein B is a 176-mer peptide beginning at Val³⁵⁵ and ending at Arg⁵³⁰ of SEQ ID NO: 1; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl, R³ is tyrosyl and X is a 12-mer peptide beginning at Tyr⁵³⁵ and ending at Ala⁵⁴³ of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure B-C-X wherein B is a 176-mer peptide beginning at Val³⁵⁵ and ending at Arg⁵³⁰ of SEQ ID NO: 1; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl, R³ is tyrosyl and X is a 12-mer peptide beginning at Tyr⁵³⁵ and ending at Phe⁵⁴⁶ of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure A-B-Y wherein A is acetyl, B is a 13-mer peptide beginning at amino acid Val⁴⁴⁹ and ending at Asp ⁴⁶¹ of SEQ ID NO: 1 and Y is aminocarbonyl.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure A-B-Y wherein A is acetyl, B is a 20-mer peptide beginning at amino acid Met⁴⁶³ and ending at Pro⁴⁸² of SEQ ID NO: 1 and Y is aminocarbonyl.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure A-B-Y wherein A is acetyl, B is a 28-mer peptide beginning at amino acid Gln⁴⁸⁴ and ending at amino acid Tyr⁵²³ of SEQ ID NO: 1 and Y is aminocarbonyl.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure A-B-Y wherein A is acetyl; B is an 11-mer peptide beginning at amino acid position Arg⁵¹³ and ending at amino acid position Trp⁵²³ of SEQ ID NO: 1 and Y is aminocarbonyl.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure A-B-C-Y wherein A is acetyl; B is a dipeptide beginning at amino acid position Pro⁵²⁹ and ending at amino acid position Arg⁵³⁰ of SEQ ID NO: 1; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl; R³ is tyrosyl and Y is aminocarbonyl.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure A-B-C-Y wherein A is acetyl; B is a dipeptide beginning at amino acid position Pro⁵²⁹ and ending at amino acid position Arg⁵³⁰ of SEQ ID NO: 1; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl; R³ is tyrosyl and Y is aminocarbonyl.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure A-B-C-X-Y wherein A is acetyl; B is a hexapeptide beginning at amino acid position Tyr⁵²⁵ and ending at amino acid position Arg⁵³⁰ of SEQ ID NO: 1; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl, R³ is tyrosyl, X is tyrosyl and Y is aminocarbonyl.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure A-B-C-X-Y wherein A is acetyl; B is arginyl; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl; R³ is tyrosyl; X is tyrosyl and Y is aminocarbonyl.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure A-B-C-X-Y wherein A is acetyl, B is a dipeptide beginning at amino acid position Pro⁵²⁹ and ending at amino acid position Arg⁵³⁰ of SEQ ID NO: 1; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl; R³ is tyrosyl; X is 3-I-tyrosyl and Y is aminocarbonyl.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure A-B-C-X-Y wherein A is acetyl, B is a dipeptide beginning at amino acid position Pro⁵²⁹ and ending at amino acid position Arg⁵³⁰ of SEQ ID NO: 1; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl; R³ is 3-I-tyrosyl; X is tyrosyl and Y is aminocarbonyl.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides with the general structure A-C-Y wherein A is acetyl; C, R¹ and R⁴ are previously defined; R² is leucyl, R³ is tyrosyl, X is tyrosyl and Y is aminocarbonyl.

Representative compounds of formula (I) include:

H₂N-Val⁴⁴³-Ala⁵⁴³-CO₂H of SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2)

H₂N-Val⁴⁴⁹-Ala⁵⁴³-CO₂H of SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3)

H₂N-Val⁴⁵⁴-Ala⁵⁴³-CO₂H of SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 4)

H₂N-Val⁴⁴³-Phe⁵⁴⁶-CO₂H of SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 5)

H₂N-Val⁴⁴⁹-Phe⁵⁴⁶-CO₂H of SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 6)

H₂N-Val⁴⁵⁴-Phe⁵⁴⁶-CO₂H of SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 7)

N-Ac-Val⁴⁴⁹-Asp⁴⁶¹-NH₂ of SEQ ID NO: 1

N-Ac-Met⁴⁶³-Pro⁴⁸²-NH₂ of SEQ ID NO: 1

N-Ac-Gln⁴⁸⁴-Tyr⁵¹-NH₂ of SEQ ID NO: 1

N-Ac-Arg⁵¹³-Trp⁵²³NH₂ of SEQ ID NO: 1

N-Ac-Tyr⁵²⁵-Tyr⁵³⁵-NH₂ of SEQ ID NO: 1

N-Ac-Pro⁵²⁹-Tyr⁵³⁵-NH₂ of SEQ ID NO: 1

N-Ac-Pro⁵²⁹-Asp⁵³⁴-NH₂ of SEQ ID NO: 1

N-Ac-Arg⁵³⁰-Tyr⁵³⁵-NH₂ of SEQ ID NO: 1

N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-3-I-Tyr-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 13)

N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-3-I-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 14)

N-Ac-H-Lys⁵³¹-Asp⁵³⁴-NH₂ of SEQ ID NO: 1

H₂N-Val³⁵⁵-Ala⁵⁴³-CO₂H of SEQ ID NO: 1

H₂N-Val³⁵⁵-Phe⁵⁴⁶-CO₂H of SEQ ID NO: 1

The compounds of the invention, including but not limited to those specified in the examples, possess anti-angiogenic activity. As angiogenesis inhibitors, such compounds are useful in the treatment of both primary and metastatic solid tumors and carcinomas of the breast; colon; rectum; lung; oropharynx; hypopharynx; esophagus; stomach; pancreas; liver; gallbladder; bile ducts; small intestine; urinary tract including kidney, bladder and urothelium; female genital tract including cervix, uterus, ovaries, choriocarcinoma and gestational trophoblastic disease; male genital tract including prostate, seminal vesicles, testes and germ cell tumors; endocrine glands including thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary; skin including hemangiomas, melanomas, sarcomas arising from bone or soft tissues and Kaposi's sarcoma; tumors of the brain, nerves, eyes, and meninges including astrocytomas, gliomas, glioblastomas, retinoblastomas, neuromas, neuroblastomas, Schwannomas and meningiomas; solid tumors arising from hematopoietic malignancies such as leukemias and including chloromas, plasmacytomas, plaques and tumors of mycosis fungoides and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma/leukemia; lymphomas including both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas; prophylaxis of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid, immune and degenerative arthritis; ocular diseases including diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, corneal graft rejection, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, rubeosis, retinal neovascularization due to macular degeneration and hypoxia; abnormal neovascularization conditions of the eye; skin diseases including psoriasis; blood vessel diseases including hemagiomas and capillary proliferation within atherosclerotic plaques; Osler-Webber Syndrome; myocardial angiogenesis; plaque neovascularization; telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma; wound granulation; diseases characterized by excessive or abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells including intestinal adhesions, Crohn's disease, atherosclerosis, scleroderma and hypertrophic scars (i.e. keloids) and diseases which have angiogenesis as a pathologic consequence including cat scratch disease (Rochele minalia quintosa) and ulcers (Helicobacter pylori). Another use is as a birth control agent which inhibits ovulation and establishment of the placenta.

The compounds of the present invention may also be useful for the prevention of metastases from the tumors described above either when used alone or in combination with radiotherapy and/or other chemotherapeutic treatments conventionally administered to patients for treating angiogenic diseases. For example, when used in the treatment of solid tumors, compounds of the present invention may be administered with chemotherapeutic agents such as alpha inteferon, COMP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate and prednisone), etoposide, mBACOD (methortrexate, bleomycin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and dexamethasone), PRO-MACE/MOPP (prednisone, methotrexate (w/leucovin rescue), doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, taxol, etoposide/mechlorethamine, vincristine, prednisone and procarbazine), vincristine, vinblastine, angioinhibins, TNP-470, pentosan polysulfate, platelet factor 4, angiostatin, LM-609, SU-101, CM-101, Techgalan, thalidomide, SP-PG and the like. Other chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards including mechloethamine, melphan, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide; nitrosoureas including carmustine, lomustine, semustine and streptozocin; alkyl sulfonates including busulfan; triazines including dacarbazine; ethyenimines including thiotepa and hexamethylmelamine; folic acid analogs including methotrexate; pyrimidine analogues including 5-fluorouracil, cytosine arabinoside; purine analogs including 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine; antitumor antibiotics including actinomycin D; the anthracyclines including doxorubicin, bleomycin, mitomycin C and methramycin; hormones and hormone antagonists including tamoxifen and cortiosteroids and miscellaneous agents including cisplatin and brequinar. For example, a tumor may be treated conventionally with surgery, radiation or chemotherapy and kringle 5 administration with subsequent kringle 5 adminsteration to extend the dormancy of micrometastases and to stabilize and inhibit the growth of any residual primary tumor.

Cytotoxic agents such as ricin may be linked to kringle 5 peptide fragments and thereby provide a tool for destruction of cells that bind kringle 5. Peptides linked to cytotoxic agents may be infused in a manner designed to maximize delivery to the desired location. For example, ricin-linked high affinity kringle 5 fragments may be delivered via cannula directly into the target or into vessels supplying the target site. Such agents may also be delivered in a controlled manner through osmotic pumps coupled to infusion cannulae. A combination of kringle 5 antagonists may be co-applied with stimulators of angiogenesis to increase vascularization of tissue. Therapeutic regimens of this type could provide an effective means of destroying metastatic cancer.

The compounds of the present invention may be used in the form of pharmaceutically acceptible salts derived from inorganic or organic acids. By “pharmaceutically acceptible salt” is meant those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptible salts are well-known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge, et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptible salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66: 1 et seq., which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The salts may be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention or separately by reacting a free base function with a suitable organic acid. Representative acid addition salts include, but are not limited to acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsufonate, digluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate), lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate, p-toluenesulfonate and undecanoate. Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates; long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; arylalkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained. Examples of acids which may be employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include such inorganic acids as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid and such organic acids as oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid and citric acid.

Basic addition salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of kringle 5 peptide fragments by reacting a carboxylic acid-containing moiety with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptible metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine. Pharmaceutically acceptible salts include, but are not limited to, cations based on alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminum salts and the like and nontoxic quaternary ammonia and amine cations including ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine and the like. Other representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, piperazine and the like. Preferred salts of the compounds of the invention include phosphate, tris and acetate.

Kringle 5 peptide fragments, kringle 5 antisera, kringle 5 receptor agonists, kringle 5 receptor antagonists or combinations thereof may be combined with pharmaceutically acceptible sustained-release matrices, such as biodegradable polymers, to form therapeutic compositions. A sustained-release matrix, as used herein, is a matrix made of materials, usually polymers, which are degradable by enzymatic or acid-base hydrolysis or by dissolution. Once inserted into the body, the matrix is acted upon by enzymes and body fluids. A sustained-release matrix is desirably chosen from biocompatible materials such as liposomes, polylactides (polylactic acid), polyglycolide (polymer of glycolic acid), polylactide co-glycolide (copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid) polyanhydrides, poly(ortho)esters, polypeptides, hyaluronic acid, collagen, chondroitin sulfate, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, phospholipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, polyamino acids, amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, polynucleotides, polyvinyl propylene, polyvinylpyrrolidone and silicone. A preferred biodegradable matrix is a matrix of one of either polylactide, polyglycolide, or polylactide co-glycolide (co-polymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid).

Kringle 5 peptide fragments, kringle 5 receptor agonists, kringle 5 receptor antagonists or combinations thereof may be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers to form therapeutic compositions. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient refers to a non-toxic solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. The compositions may be administered parenterally, sublingually, intracistemally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, rectally, bucally or topically (as by powder, ointment, drops, transdermal patch or iontophoresis device).

The term “parenteral,” as used herein, refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion. Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral injection comprise pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and the like), carboxymethylcellulose and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants. These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents such as paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents, such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin, which delay absorption. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide, poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues. The injectable formulations may be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable media just prior to use.

Topical administration includes administration to the skin, mucosa and surfaces of the lung and eye. Compositions for topical administration, including those for inhalation, may be prepared as a dry powder which may be pressurized or non-pressurized. In non-pressurized powder compositions, the active ingredient in finely divided form may be used in admixture with a larger-sized pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier comprising particles having a size, for example, of up to 100 micrometers in diameter. Suitable inert carriers include sugars such as lactose. Desirably, at least 95% by weight of the particles of the active ingredient have an effective particle size in the range of 0.01 to 10 micrometers. For topical administration to the eye, a compound of the invention is delivered in a pharmaceutically acceptable ophthalmic vehicle such that the compound is maintained in contact with the ocular surface for a sufficient time period to allow the compound to penetrate the corneal and internal regions of the eye, as, for example, the anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous body, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, cornea, iris/cilary, lens, choroid/retina and sclera. The pharmaceutically acceptable ophthalmic vehicle may, for example, be an ointment, vegetable oil or an encapsulating material. Alternatively, a compound of the invention may be injected directly into the vitrious and aqueous humor.

The composition may be pressurized and contain a compressed gas such as nitrogen or a liquified gas propellant. The liquified propellant medium and indeed the total composition is preferably such that the active ingredient does not dissolve therein to any substantial extent. The pressurized composition may also contain a surface active agent such as a liquid or solid non-ionic surface active agent or may be a solid anionic surface active agent. It is preferred to use the solid anionic surface active agent in the form of a sodium salt.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which may be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solids at room temperature but liquids at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Compounds of the present invention may also be administered in the form of liposomes. As is known in the art, liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids or other lipid substances. Liposomes are formed by mono- or multi-lamellar hydrated liquid crystals that are dispersed in an aqueous medium. Any non-toxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes can be used. The present compositions in liposome form may contain, in addition to a compound of the present invention, stabilizers, preservatives, excipients and the like. The preferred lipids are the phospholipids and the phosphatidyl cholines (lecithins), both natural and synthetic. Methods to form liposomes are known in the art. See, for example, Prescott, Ed., Methods in Cell Biology, Volume XIV, Academic Press, New York, N.Y. (1976), p. 33 et seq., which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

When used in the above or other treatments, a therapeutically effective amount of one of the compounds of the present invention may be employed in pure form or, where such forms exist, in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form and with or without a pharmaceutically acceptible excipient. A “therapeutically effective amount” of the compound of the invention means a sufficient amount of the compound to treat an angiogenic disease (for example, to limit tumor growth or to slow or block tumor metastasis) at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration; the route of administration; the rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidential with the specific compound employed and like factors well known in the medical arts. For example, it is well within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than those required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. Total daily dose of kringle 5 peptide fragments to be administered locally or systemically to a human or other mammal host in single or divided doses may be in amounts, for example, from 0.0001 to 200 mg/kg body weight daily and more usually 1 to 300 mg/kg body weight. If desired, the effective daily dose may be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration. Consequently, single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose.

It will be understood that agents which can be combined with the compound of the present invention for the inhibition, treatment or prophylaxis of angiogenic diseases are not limited to those listed above, but include, in principle, any agents useful for the treatment or prophylaxis of angiogenic diseases.

The present invention also encompasses gene therapy whereby the gene encoding kringle 5 peptide fragments or kringle 5 peptide fragment conjugates is regulated in a patient. Various methods of transferring or delivering DNA to cells for expression of the gene product protein, otherwise referred to as gene therapy, are disclosed in Gene Transfer into Mammalian Somatic Cells in vivo, N. Yang, Crit. Rev. Biotechn. 12(4): 335-356 (1992), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Gene therapy encompasses incorporation of DNA sequences into somatic cells or germ line cells for use in either ex vivo or in vivo therapy. Gene therapy functions to replace genes, to augment normal or abnormal gene function and to combat infectious diseases and other pathologies.

Strategies for treating medical problems with gene therapy include therapeutic strategies such as identifying the defective gene and then adding a functional gene to either replace the function of the defective gene or to augment a slightly functional gene or prophylactic strategies such as adding a gene which encodes a protein product that will treat the condition or that will make the tissue or organ more susceptible to a treatment regimen. As an example of a prophylactic strategy, a gene encoding a kringle 5 peptide fragment or a kringle 5 peptide fragment conjugate may be placed in a patient and thus prevent occurrence of angiogenesis or a gene that makes tumor cells more susceptible to radiation could be inserted so that radiation of the tumor would cause increased killing of the tumor cells.

Many protocols for the transfer of kringle 5 peptide fragment DNA or kringle 5 peptide fragment regulatory sequences are envisioned in this invention. Transfection of promoter sequences, other than ones specifically associated with a kringle 5 peptide fragment or other sequences which would increase production of kringle 5 peptide fragments, are also envisioned as methods of gene therapy. An example of this technology is found in Transkaryotic Therapies, Inc., of Cambridge, Mass., using homologous recombination to insert a “genetic switch” which turns on an erythropoietin gene in cells as disclosed in Genetic Engineering News, Apr. 15, 1994, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Such “genetic switches” could be used to activate a kringle 5 peptide fragment (or a kringle 5 receptor) in cells not normally expressing these proteins.

Gene transfer methods for gene therapy fall into three broad categories: (1) physical (e.g., electroporation, direct gene transfer and particle bombardment), (2) chemical (e.g. lipid-based carriers and other non-viral vectors) and (3) biological (e.g. virus derived vectors). For example, non-viral vectors such as liposomes coated with DNA may be directly injected intravenously into the patient. It is believed that the liposome/DNA complexes are concentrated in the liver where they deliver the DNA to macrophages and Kupffer cells. Vectors or the “naked” DNA of the gene may also be directly injected into the desired organ, tissue or tumor for targeted delivery of the therapeutic DNA.

Gene therapy methodologies can also be described by delivery site. Fundamental ways to deliver genes include ex vivo gene transfer, in vivo gene transfer and in vitro gene transfer. In ex vivo gene transfer, cells are taken from the patient and grown in cell culture. The DNA is transfected into the cells, and the transfected cells are expanded in number and then reimplanted in the patient. In in vitro gene transfer, the transformed cells are cells growing in culture, such as tissue culture cells, and not particular cells from a particular patient. These “laboratory cells” are transfected, and the transfected cells are selected and expanded for either implantation into a patient or for other uses. In vivo gene transfer involves introducing the DNA into the cells of the patient when the cells are within the patient. All three of the broad based categories described above may be used to achieve gene transfer in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro.

Mechanical (i.e. physical) methods of DNA delivery can be achieved by microinjection of DNA into germ or somatic cells, pneumatically delivered DNA-coated particles such as the gold particles used in a “gene gun” and inorganic chemical approaches such as calcium phosphate transfection. It has been found that physical injection of plasmid DNA into muscle cells yields a high percentage of cells which are transfected and have a sustained expression of marker genes. The plasmid DNA may or may not integrate into the genome of the cells. Non-integration of the transfected DNA would allow the transfection and expression of gene product proteins in terminally differentiated, non-proliferative tissues for a prolonged period of time without fear of mutational insertions, deletions or alterations in the cellular or mitochondrial genome. Long-term, but not necessarily permanent, transfer of therapeutic genes into specific cells may provide treatments for genetic diseases or for prophylactic use. The DNA could be reinjected periodically to maintain the gene product level without mutations occurring in the genomes of the recipient cells. Non-integration of exogenous DNAs may allow for the presence of several different exogenous DNA constructs within one cell with all of the constructs expressing various gene products.

Particle-mediated gene transfer may also be employed for injecting DNA into cells, tissues and organs. With a particle bombardment device, or “gene gun,” a motive force is generated to accelerate DNA-coated high density particles (such as gold or tungsten) to a high velocity that allows penetration of the target organs, tissues or cells. Electroporation for gene transfer uses an electrical current to make cells or tissues susceptible to electroporation-mediated gene transfer. A brief electric impulse with a given field strength is used to increase the permeability of a membrane in such a way that DNA molecules can penetrate into the cells. The techniques of particle-mediated gene transfer and electroporation are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Chemical methods of gene therapy involve carrier-mediated gene transfer through the use of fusogenic lipid vesicles such as liposomes or other vesicles for membrane fusion. A carrier harboring a DNA of interest can be conveniently introduced into body fluids or the bloodstream and then site specifically directed to the target organ or tissue in the body. Cell or organ-specific DNA-carrying liposomes, for example, can be developed and the foreign DNA carried by the liposome absorbed by those specific cells. Injection of immunoliposomes that are targeted to a specific receptor on certain cells can be used as a convenient method of inserting the DNA into the cells bearing that receptor. Another carrier system that has been used is the asialoglycoprotein/polylysine conjugate system for carrying DNA to hepatocytes for in vivo gene transfer.

Transfected DNA may also be complexed with other kinds of carriers so that the DNA is carried to the recipient cell and then deposited in the cytoplasm or in the nucleoplasm. DNA can be coupled to carrier nuclear proteins in specifically engineered vesicle complexes and carried directly into the nucleus.

Carrier mediated gene transfer may also involve the use of lipid-based compounds which are not liposomes. For example, lipofectins and cytofectins are lipid-based positive ions that bind to negatively charged DNA and form a complex that can ferry the DNA across a cell membrane. Another method of carrier mediated gene transfer involves receptor-based endocytosis. In this method, a ligand (specific to a cell surface receptor) is made to form a complex with a gene of interest and then injected into the bloodstream. Target cells that have the cell surface receptor will specifically bind the ligand and transport the ligand-DNA complex into the cell.

Biological gene therapy methodologies employ viral vectors to insert genes into cells. The term “vector” as used herein means a carrier which may contain or associate with specific polynucleotide sequences and which functions to transport the specific polynucleotide sequences into a cell. The transfected cells may be cells derived from the patient's normal tissue, the patient's diseased tissue or non-patient cells. Examples of vectors include plasmids and infective microorganisms such as viruses or nonviral vectors such as the ligand-DNA conjugates, liposomes and the lipid-DNA complexes discussed above.

It may be desirable that a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a kringle 5 peptide fragment DNA sequence is operatively linked to an expression control sequence to form an expression vector capable of expressing a kringle 5 peptide fragment. Alternatively, gene regulation of kringle 5 peptide fragments may be accomplished by administering compounds that bind to the kringle 5 gene or control regions associated with the kringle 5 gene or its corresponding RNA transcript to modify the rate of transcription or translation.

Viral vectors that have been used for gene therapy protocols include, but are not limited to, retroviruses, other RNA viruses such as poliovirus or Sindbis virus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes viruses, SV 40, vaccinia and other DNA viruses. Replication-defective murine retroviral vectors are the most widely utilized gene transfer vectors. Murine leukemia retroviruses are composed of a single strand RNA complexed with a nuclear core protein and polymerase (pol) enzymes encased by a protein core (gag) and surrounded by a glycoprotein envelope (env) that determines host range. The genomic structure of retroviruses include gag, pol, and env genes enclosed at the 5′ and 3′ long terminal repeats (LTRs). Retroviral vector systems exploit the fact that a minimal vector containing the 5′ and 3′ LTRs and the packaging signal are sufficient to allow vector packaging and infection and integration into target cells providing that the viral structural proteins are supplied in trans in the packaging cell line. Fundamental advantages of retroviral vectors for gene transfer include efficient infection and gene expression in most cell types, precise single copy vector integration into target cell chromosomal DNA and ease of manipulation of the retroviral genome. For example, altered retrovirus vectors have been used in ex vivo methods to introduce genes into peripheral and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, hepatocytes, epidermal cells, myocytes or other somatic cells (which may then be introduced into the patient to provide the gene product from the inserted DNA).

The adenovirus is composed of linear, double stranded DNA complexed with core proteins and surrounded with capsid proteins. Advances in molecular virology have led to the ability to exploit the biology of these organisms to create vectors capable of transducing novel genetic sequences into target cells in vivo. Adenoviral-based vectors will express gene product peptides at high levels. Adenoviral vectors have high efficiencies of infectivity, even with low titers of virus. Additionally, the virus is fully infective as a cell-free virion so injection of producer cell lines are not necessary. Another potential advantage to adenoviral vectors is the ability to achieve long term expression of heterologous genes in vivo.

Viral vectors have also been used to insert genes into cells using in vivo protocols. To direct tissue-specific expression of foreign genes, cis-acting regulatory elements or promoters that are known to be tissue-specific may be used. Alternatively, this can be achieved using in situ delivery of DNA or viral vectors to specific anatomical sites in vivo. For example, gene transfer to blood vessels in vivo was achieved by implanting in vitro transduced endothelial cells in chosen sites on arterial walls. The virus-infected surrounding cells, in turn, also expressed the gene product. A viral vector can be delivered directly to the in vivo site (by catheter, for example) thus allowing only certain areas to be infected by the virus and providing long-term, site-specific gene expression. In vivo gene transfer using retrovirus vectors has also been demonstrated in mammary tissue and hepatic tissue by injection of the altered virus into blood vessels leading to the organs.

Kringle 5 peptide fragments may applications. Ad and used in a variety of applications. As examples, different peptide fragments of kringle 5 can be used (1) as agonists and antagonists active at kringle 5 binding sites, (2) as antigens for the development of specific antisera, (3) as peptides for use in diagnostic kits and (4) as peptides linked to or used in combination with cytotoxic agents for targeted killing of cells that bind kringle 5 peptide fragments. The amino acid sequences that comprise these peptide fragments may be selected on the basis of their position on the exterior regions of the molecule which are accessible for binding to antisera or the inhibitory potency of the peptide fragments toward processes arising from or exacerbated by angiogenesis. Furthermore, these peptide sequences may be compared to known sequences using protein sequence databases such as GenBank, Brookhaven Protein, SWISS-PROT, and PIR to determine potential sequence homologies. This information facilitates elimination of sequences that exhibit a high degree of sequence homology to other molecules and thereby enhances the potential for high specificity in the development of antisera, agonists and antagonists to kringle 5.

Kringle 5 peptide fragments may also be used as a means to isolate a kringle 5 receptor by immobilization of the kringle 5 peptide fragment on a solid support in, for example, an affinity column through which cultured endothelial cells or membrane extracts are passed. As is known in the art, isolation and purification of a kringle 5 receptor may be followed by amino acid sequencing to identify and isolate polynucleotides which encode the kringle 5 receptor. Such polynucleotides may then be cloned into a suitable expression vector and transfected into tumor cells. Expression of the receptor by the transfected tumor cells would enhance the responsiveness of these cells to endogenous or exogenous kringle 5 peptide fragments and thereby decrease the rate of metastatic growth. Furthermore, recombinant expression of this receptor would allow greater amounts of receptor to be produced, e.g. to produce a sufficient quantity for use in high throughput screening assays to identify smaller antagonists which mimic the action of kringle 5.

Systematic substitution of amino acids within these synthesized peptides may yield high affinity peptide agonists and antagonists to the kringle 5 receptor that enhance or diminish kringle 5 peptide fragment binding to its receptor. Such agonists may be used to suppress the growth of micrometastases and thereby limit the spread of cancer. In cases of inadequate vascularization, antagonists to kringle 5 peptide fragments may be applied to block the inhibitory effects of kringle 5 peptide fragments and promote angiogenesis. For example, this type of treatment may have therapeutic effects in promoting wound healing in diabetics.

Kringle 5 peptide fragments of the present invention can also be used as antigens to generate polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies which are specific for the kringle 5 inhibitor. One way in which such antibodies could be used is in diagnostic methods and kits to detect or quantify kringle 5 peptide fragments in a body fluid or tissue. Results from these tests could be used to diagnose or determine the prognostic relevance of kringle 5 peptide fragments.

Kringle 5 peptide fragments may be labeled with radioactive isotopes (See Example 13) or chemically coupled to proteins to form conjugates. Conjugates include enzymes, carrier proteins, cytotoxic agents, fluorescent, chemiluminescent and bioluminescent molecules which are used to facilitate the testing of the ability of compounds containing kringle 5 peptide fragments to bind kringle 5 antisera, detect cell types which possess a kringle 5 peptide fragment receptor or aid in purification of kringle 5 peptide fragments. The coupling technique is generally chosen on the basis of the functional groups available on the amino acids of the kringle 5 peptide fragment sequence including, but not limited to alkyl, amino, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, amide, phenol, indolyl and imidazoyl. Various reagents used to effect such couplings include, among others, glutaraldehyde, diazotized benzidine, carbodiimides and p-benzoquinone. The efficiency of the coupling reaction is determined using different techniques appropriate for the specific reaction. For example, radiolabeling of a kringle 5 peptide or a biologically active fragment thereof with I¹²⁵ may be accomplished using chloramine T and NaI¹²⁵ of high specific activity. The reaction is terminated with sodium metabisulfite and the mixture is desalted on disposable columns. The labeled peptide is eluted from the column and the fractions are collected. Aliquots are removed from each fraction and radioactivity is measured in a gamma counter. This procedure provides the radiolabeled kringle 5 peptide fragment free from unreacted NaI¹²⁵. In another example, blood or tissue extracts containing a kringle 5 peptide fragment coupled to kringle 4 may be purified on a polylysine resin affinity column whereby the kringle 4-kringle 5 peptide fragment binds to the resin through the affinity of the kringle 4 peptide fragment for lysine. Elution of the bound protein would provide a purified kringle 4-kringle 5 peptide fragment.

Another application of peptide conjugation is the production of polyclonal antisera. The production of antiserum against kringle 5 peptide fragments, kringle 5 peptide fragment analogs and the kringle 5 receptor can be performed using established techniques known to those skilled in the art. For example, kringle 5 peptide fragments containing lysine residues may be linked to purified bovine serum albumin (BSA) using glutaraldehyde. The efficiency of this reaction may be determined by measuring the incorporation of radiolabeled peptide. Unreacted glutaraldehyde and peptide may be separated by dialysis, and the conjugate may be use to raise polyclonal antisera in rabbits, sheep, goats or other animals. Kringle 5 peptide fragments conjugated to a carrier molecule such as BSA may be combined with an adjuvant mixture, emulsified and injected subcutaneously at multiple sites on the back, neck, flanks, and sometimes in the footpads of a suitable host. Generally, booster injections are then given at regular intervals, such as every 2 to 4 weeks. Approximately 7 to 10 days after each injection, blood samples are obtained by venipuncture using, for example, the marginal ear veins after dilation. The blood samples are allowed to clot overnight at 4° C. and are centrifuged at approximately 2400×g at 4° C. for about 30 minutes. The serum is removed, aliquoted and stored at 4° C. for immediate use or at −20 to −90° C. for subsequent analysis.

Serum samples from generation of polyclonal antisera or media samples from production of monoclonal antisera may be analyzed for determination of antibody titer and, in particular, for the determination of high titer antisera. Subsequently, the highest titer kringle 5 peptide fragment antisera may be tested to establish the following: a) optimal antiserum dilution for highest specific binding of the antigen and lowest non-specific binding, b) ability to bind increasing amounts of kringle 5 peptide fragments in a standard displacement curve, c) potential cross-reactivity with related peptides and proteins including plasminogen and kringle 5 peptide fragments of related species and d) ability to detect kringle 5 peptide fragments in cell culture media and in extracts of plasma, urine and tissues. Titer may be established through several means known in the art, such as by dot blot and density analysis and also by precipitation of radiolabeled peptide-antibody complexes using protein A, secondary antisera, cold ethanol or charcoal-dextran followed by activity measurement with a gamma counter. If desired, the highest titer antisera may be purified on affinity columns. For example, kringle 5 peptide fragments may be coupled to a commercially available resin and used to form an affinity column. Antiserum samples may then be passed through the column so that kringle 5 antibodies bind (via kringle 5 peptide fragments) to the column. These bound antibodies are subsequently eluted, collected and evaluated for determination of titer and specificity.

Kits for measurement of kringle 5 peptide fragments and the kringle 5 receptor are also contemplated as part of the present invention. Antisera that possess the highest titer and specificity and can detect kringle 5 peptide fragments in extracts of plasma, urine, tissues and cell culture media may be used to establish assay kits for rapid, reliable, sensitive and specific measurement and localization of kringle 5 peptide fragments. These assay kits may employ, but are not limited to, the following techniques: competitive and non-competitive assays, radioimmunoassays, bioluminescence and chemilumenescence assays, fluorometric assays, sandwich assays, immunoradiometric assays, dot blots, enzyme linked assays including ELISAs, microtiter plates, immunocytochemistry and antibody-coated strips or dipsticks for rapid monitoring of urine or blood. For each kit the range, sensitivity, precision, reliability, specificity and reproducibility of the assay are established by means well known to those skilled in the art.

One example of an assay kit commonly used in research and in the clinic is a radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit. A kringle 5 peptide fragment RIA may be established in the following manner: After successful radioiodination and purification of a kringle 5 peptide fragment, antiserum possessing the highest titer of anti-kringle 5 peptide fragment antibodies is added at several dilutions to tubes containing a relatively constant amount of radioactivity, such as 10,000 cpm, in a suitable buffer system. (Buffer or preimmune serum is added to other tubes to determine non-specific binding). After incubation at 4° C. for 24 hours, protein A is added to all tubes and the tubes are vortexed, incubated at room temperature for 90 minutes and centrifuged at approximately 2000-2500×g at 4° C. to precipitate the complexes of antibody bound to labeled antigen. The supernatant is removed by aspiration and radioactivity in the pellets counted in a gamma counter. The antiserum dilution that binds approximately 10 to 40% of the labeled peptide after subtraction of the non-specific binding is selected for further characterization.

Next, a dilution range (approximately 0.1 pg to 10 ng) of the kringle 5 peptide fragment used for development of the antiserum is evaluated by adding known amounts of the peptide to tubes containing radiolabeled peptide and antiserum. After an incubation period (24 or 48 hours, for example), protein A is added and the tubes are centrifuged, the supernatant is removed and the radioactivity in the pellet is counted. The displacement of the binding of radiolabeled the kringle 5 peptide fragment by the unlabeled kringle 5 peptide fragment (standard) provides a standard curve. Additionally, several concentrations of other kringle 5 peptide fragments, plasminogens, kringle 5 peptide fragments from different species and homologous peptides may be added to the assay tubes to characterize the specificity of the kringle 5 peptide fragment antiserum.

Thereafter, extracts of various tissues including, but not limited to, primary and secondary tumors, Lewis lung carcinoma, cultures of kringle 5 peptide fragment-producing cells, placenta, uterus and other tissues such as brain, liver and intestine are prepared using extraction techniques that have been successfully employed to extract kringle 5 peptide fragments. After workup of the tissue extracts, assay buffer is added and different aliquots are placed into the RIA tubes. Extracts of known kringle 5 peptide fragment-producing cells produce displacement curves that are parallel to the standard curve whereas extracts of tissues that do not produce kringle 5 peptide fragments do not displace radiolabeled kringle 5 peptide fragments from the kringle 5 peptide fragment antiserum. Such displacement curves indicate the utility of the kringle 5 peptide fragment assay to measure kringle 5 peptide fragments in tissues and body fluids.

Tissue extracts that contain kringle 5 peptide fragments may also be characterized by subjecting aliquots to reverse phase HPLC. Eluate fractions are collected, dried in Speed Vac, reconstituted in RIA buffer and analyzed in the kringle 5 RIA. In this case, the maximal amount of kringle 5 peptide fragment immunoreactivity is located in the fractions corresponding to the elution position of the kringle 5 peptide fragment.

The above described assay kit would provide instructions, antiserum, a kringle 5 peptide fragment and possibly a radiolabeled kringle 5 peptide fragment and/or reagents for precipitation of bound kringle 5 peptide fragment/kringle 5 antibody complexes. Such a kit would be useful for the measurement of kringle 5 peptide fragments in biological fluids and tissue extracts of animals and humans with and without tumors.

Another kit may be used to visualize or localize kringle 5 peptide fragments in tissues and cells. For example, immunohistochemistry techniques and kits which employ such techniques are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. As is known in the art, an immunohistochemistry kit would provide kringle 5 peptide fragment antiserum, and possibly blocking serum and secondary antiserum linked to a fluorescent molecule such as fluorescein isothiocyanate or to some other reagent used to visualize the primary antiserum. Using this methodology, biopsied tumors may be examined for sites of kringle 5 peptide fragment production or for sites of the kringle 5 peptide fragment receptor. Alternatively, a kit may supply radiolabeled nucleic acids for use in in situ hybridization to probe for kringle 5 peptide fragment messenger RNA.

The compounds of the invention may be prepared using processes well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. (See for example, Sottrup-Jensen et al., Progress in Chemical Fibrinolysis and Thrombolysis, Vol. 3, Davidson, J. F., Rowan, R. M., Samama, M. M. and Desnoyers, P. C. editors, Raven Press, New York, 1978. One manner of preparing kringle 5 peptide fragments is by enzymatic cleavage of the native protein (glu-plasminogen) or a variant thereof (meaning a truncated form of the full length protein which is amenable to cleavage by enzymatic digestion and which comprises at least a kringle 5 sequence as defined above such as lys-plasminogen or miniplasminogen). This method first requires isolating the protein from human plasma in the absence of plasmin inhibitors and thereby promoting the conversion of glu-plasminogen to lys-plasminogen (see Novokhatny, V and Kudinov, S. A., J. Mol. Biol. 179: 215-232 (1984). Subsequently, the truncated molecule is treated with an proteolytic enzyme at a concentration sufficient to cleave kringle 5 peptide fragments from the polypeptide and then purified from the remaining fragments by means known to those skilled in the art. A preferred proteolytic enzyme is human or porcine elastase which cleaves plasminogen and its truncated variants between kringle regions 3-4 and 4-5 (and is thereby capable of forming peptide fragments containing kringles 1-3 and 1-4 or kringles 4 or 5 alone). For example, lys-plasminogen or glu-plasminogen may be treated with porcine or human neutrophyl elastase at a ratio of about 1:100-1:300 lys-plasminogen:elastase (preferably at a ratio of 1:150-1:250 and most preferably at a ratio of 1:150 in a buffer solution (such as Tris-HCl, NaCl, sodium phosphate and the like). Alternatively, the elastase may first be immobilized (such as to a resin) to facilitate purification of the cleavage products. The glu-plasminogen or lys-plaminogen is generally treated with human or porcine elastase at temperatures ranging from about 10° C. to about 40° C. and for time periods ranging from about 4 to about 24 hours depending on the extent of cleavage desired. To achieve complete digestion of glu-plasminogen, lys-plasminogen or miniplasminogen with human or porcine elastase requires exposure of these polypeptides to the enzyme for at least about 12 hours at room temperature. Varying the pH and exposure time to the enzyme results in less or partial cleavage at one or more of the susceptible cleavage sites. The cleavage products are then purified by any means well known in the art (such as column chromatography). A preferred purification scheme involves applying the cleavage products to a lysine-Sepharose column as described in Example 14.

Solid Phase Synthesis of Kringle 5 Peptide Fragments

The following examples will serve to further illustrate the preparation of the novel compounds of the invention:

EXAMPLE 1 N-Ac-Val-Leu-Leu-Pro-Asp-Val-Glu-Thr-Pro-Ser-Glu-Glu-Asp-NH₂

An amide peptide synthesis column (Applied Biosystems) was placed in the peptide synthesis column position of a Perkin Elmer/Applied Biosynthesis “Synergy” peptide synthesizer, and the following synthetic sequence was used:

1. Solvating the resin with DMF for about 5 minutes;

2. Deblocking the Fmoc group from the α-N-terminal of the resin-bound amino acid using 20% piperidine in DMF for about 15 minutes;

3. Washing the resin with DMF for about 5 minutes;

4. Activating the α-C-terminal of amino acid No. 1 (Fmoc-Asp(β-O^(t)Bu), 25 μmol) using a 0.2M solution of HBTU (25 μmol) and HOBT (25 μmol) in DMSO-NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) and a 0.4M solution of diisopropylethylamine (25 μmol) in DMSO-NMP and coupling the activated amino acid to the resin;

5. Coupling the activated Fmoc-protected amino acid (prepared in step 5) to the resin-bound amino acid (prepared in step 2) in DMF for about 30 minutes;

6. Washing with DMF for 5 minutes;

7. Repeating steps 3 through 6 with the following amino acids:

No. Amino Acid 2. Fmoc-Glu(γ-O^(t)Bu) 3. Fmoc-Glu(γ-O^(t)Bu) 4. Fmoc-Ser(^(t)Bu) 5. Fmoc-Pro 6. Fmoc-Thr(^(t)Bu) 7. Fmoc-Glu(γ-O^(t)Bu) 8. Fmoc-Val 9. Fmoc-Asp(β-O^(t)Bu) 10. Fmoc-Pro 11. Fmoc-Leu 12. Fmoc-Leu 13. Fmoc-Val

8. Coupling acetic acid to the a-N-terminal of the resin-bound peptide via the conditions of steps 4 and 5.

9. Washing the resin with THF for about 5 minutes to remove DMF and shrink the resin, then drying the resin with argon for 10 minutes and nitrogen for 10 minutes more to provide clean, resin-bound peptide.

10. Cleaving of the peptide from the resin with concomitant deprotection of amino acid side chains by stirring with cleavage reagent (freshly-prepared thioanisole (100 μL), water (50 μL), ethanedithiol (50 μL) and trifluoroacetic acid (1.8 mL) mixed in the above order at −5° C. to −10° C.) at 0° C. for 10-15 minutes and then at ambient temperature for an additional 1.75 hours (plus an additional 0.5 hour for each Arg(Pmc), if present). The amount of cleavage reagent used was determined by the following formula:

weight of resin with bound peptide (mg) amount of cleavage reagent (μL)  0-10 100 10-25 200 25-50 400  50-100 700 100-200 1200

11. Filtering and rinsing the product with neat trifluoroacetic acid, adding the filtrate in 0.5 mL portions to a centrifuge tube containing about 8 mL of cold diethyl ether, centrifuging and decanting and repeating the process until all of the peptide precipitated (if the peptide did not precipitate upon addition to ether, the mixture was extracted with aqueous 30% aqueous acetic acid (3×1 mL), and the combined aqueous extracts were lyophilized to provide the product).

12. Using the peptide crude or purifying the peptide by HPLC using a 7 μm Symmetry Prep C18 column (7.8×300 mm) with solvent mixtures varying in a gradient from 5% to 100% acetonitrile-(water, 0.1% TFA) over a period of 50 minutes followed by lyophilizing to provide 35 mg of N-Ac-Val-Leu-Leu-Pro-Asp-Val-Glu-Thr-Pro-Ser-Glu-Glu-Asp-NH₂.

EXAMPLE 2 N-Ac-Met-Phe-Gly-Asn-Gly-Lys-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Lys-Arg-Ala-Thr-Thr-Val-Thr-Gly-Thr-Pro-NH₂

The title compound was prepared using the synthetic sequence described in Example 1 and using Fmoc-Pro as amino acid No. 1. The following amino acids were added using the conditions indicated:

No. Amino Acid 2. Fmoc-Thr(^(t)Bu) 3. Fmoc-Gly 4. Fmoc-Thr(^(t)Bu) 5. Fmoc-Val 6. Fmoc-Thr(^(t)Bu) 7. Fmoc-Thr(^(t)Bu) 8. Fmoc-Ala 9. Fmoc-Arg(Pmc) 10. Fmoc-Lys(Boc) 11. Fmoc-Gly 12. Fmoc-Arg(Pmc) 13. Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) 14. Fmoc-Gly 15. Fmoc-Lys(Boc) 16. Fmoc-Gly 17. Fmoc-Asn(Trt) 18. Fmoc-Gly 19. Fmoc-Phe 20. Fmoc-Met

to provide 35 mg of N-Ac-Met-Phe-Gly-Asn-Gly-Lys-Gly-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Lys-Arg-Ala-Thr-Thr-Val-Thr-Gly-Thr-Pro-NH₂.

EXAMPLE 3 Ac-Gln-Asp-Trp-Ala-Ala-Gln-Glu-Pro-His-Arg-His-Ser-Ile-Phe-Thr-Pro-Glu-Thr-Asn-Pro-Arg-Ala-Gly-Leu-Glu-Lys-Asn-Tyr-NH₂

The title compound was prepared using the synthetic sequence described in Example 1 and using Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) as amino acid No. 1. The following amino acids were added using the conditions indicated:

No. Amino Acid 2. Fmoc-Asn(Trt) 3. Fmoc-Lys(Boc) 4. Fmoc-Glu(γ-O^(t)Bu) 5. Fmoc-Leu 6. Fmoc-Gly 7. Fmoc-Ala 8. Fmoc-Arg(Pmc) 9. Fmoc-Pro 10. Fmoc-Asn(Trt) 11. Fmoc-Thr(^(t)Bu) 12. Fmoc-Glu(γ-O^(t)Bu) 13. Fmoc-Pro 14. Fmoc-Thr(^(t)Bu) 15. Fmoc-Phe 16. Fmoc-Ile 17. Fmoc-Ser(^(t)Bu) 18. Fmoc-His(Trt) 19. Fmoc-Arg(Pmc) 20. Fmoc-His(Trt) 21. Fmoc-Pro 22. Fmoc-Glu(γ-O^(t)Bu) 23. Fmoc-Gln(Trt) 24. Fmoc-Ala 25. Fmoc-Ala 26. Fmoc-Trp 27. Fmoc-Asp(β-O^(t)Bu) 28. Fmoc-Gln(Trt)

to provide 40 mg of N-Ac-Gln-Asp-Trp-Ala-Ala-Gln-Glu-Pro-His-Arg-His-Ser-Ile-Phe-Thr-Pro-Glu-Thr-Asn-Pro-Arg-Ala-Gly-Leu-Glu-Lys-Asn-Tyr-N₂.

EXAMPLE 4 N-Ac-Arg-Asn-Pro-Asp-Gly-Asp-Val-Gly-Gly-Pro-Trp-NH₂

The title compound was prepared using the synthetic sequence described in Example 1 and using Fmoc-Trp as amino acid No. 1. The following amino acids were added using the conditions indicated:

No. Amino Acid 2. Fmoc-Pro 3. Fmoc-Gly 4. Fmoc-Gly 5. Fmoc-Val 6. Fmoc-Asp(β-O^(t)-Bu) 7. Fmoc-Gly 8. Fmoc-Asp(β-O^(t)-Bu) 9. Fmoc-Pro 10. Fmoc-Asn(Trt) 11. Fmoc-Arg(Pmt)

to provide 20 mg of N-Ac-Arg-Asn-Pro-Asp-Gly-Asp-Val-Gly-Gly-Pro-Trp-NH₂.

EXAMPLE 5 N-Ac-Tyr-Thr-Thr-Asn-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-NH₂

The title compound was prepared using the synthetic sequence described in example 1 and using Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) as amino acid No. 1. The following amino acids were added using the conditions indicated:

No. Amino Acid 2. Fmoc-Asp(β-O^(t)Bu) 3. Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) 4. Fmoc-Leu 5. Fmoc-Lys(Boc) 6. Fmoc-Arg(Pmc) 7. Fmoc-Pro 8. Fmoc-Asn(Trt) 9. Fmoc-Thr(^(t)Bu) 10. Fmoc-Thr(^(t)Bu) 11. Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu)

to provide 10 mg of N-Ac-Tyr-Thr-Thr-Asn-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-NH₂.

EXAMPLE 6 N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-NH₂

The title compound was prepared using the synthetic sequence described in Example 1 and using Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) as amino acid No. 1. The following amino acids were added using the conditions indicated:

No. Amino Acid 2. Fmoc-Asp(β-O^(t)Bu) 3. Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) 4. Fmoc-Leu 5. Fmoc-Lys(Boc) 6. Fmoc-Arg(Pmc) 7. Fmoc-Pro

to provide N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-NH₂ (4 mg). MS (FAB) m/z 995 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 7 N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-NH₂

The title compound was prepared using the synthetic sequence described in Example 1. The following amino acids were added using the conditions indicated:

No. Amino Acid 2. Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) 3. Fmoc-Leu 4. Fmoc-Lys(Boc) 5. Fmoc-Arg(Pmc) 6. Fmoc-Leu

to provide N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-NH₂ (6 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 832 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 8 N-Ac-Pro-Glu-Lys-Arg-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-NH²

The title compound was prepared using the synthetic sequence described in Example 1 and using Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) as amino acid No. 1. The following amino acids were added using the conditions indicated:

No. Amino Acid 2. Fmoc-Asp(β-O^(t)Bu) 3. Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) 4. Fmoc-Arg(Pmc) 5. Fmoc-Lys(Boc) 6. Fmoc-Glu 7. Fmoc-Pro

to provide N-Ac-Pro-Glu-Lys-Arg-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-NH² (6 mg). MS (FAB) m/z (1101) (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 9 N-Ac-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-NH₂

The title compound was prepared using the synthetic sequence described in Example 1 and using Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) as amino acid No. 1. The following amino acids were added using the conditions indicated:

No. Amino Acid 2. Fmoc-Asp(β-O^(t)Bu) 3. Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) 4. Fmoc-Leu 5. Fmoc-Lys(Boc) 6. Fmoc-Arg(Pmc)

to provide N-Ac-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-NH₂ (8 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 98 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 10 N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-3-I-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 13)

The title compound was prepared using the synthetic sequence described in Example 1 and using Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) as amino acid No. 1. The following amino acids were added using the conditions indicated:

No. Amino Acid 2. Fmoc-Asp(β-O^(t)Bu) 3. Fmoc-3-I-Tyr(^(t)Bu) 4. Fmoc-Leu 5. Fmoc-Lys(Boc) 6. Fmoc-Arg(Pmc) 7. Fmoc-Pro

to provide N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-3-I-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-NH₂ (2 mg). MS (ESI) m/z (1121) (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 11 N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-3-I-Tyr-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 14)

The title compound was prepared using the synthetic sequence described in Example 1 and using Fmoc-3-I-Tyr(^(t)Bu) as amino acid No. 1. The following amino acids were added using the conditions indicated:

No. Amino Acid 2. Fmoc-Asp(β-O^(t)Bu) 3. Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) 4. Fmoc-Leu 5. Fmoc-Lys(Boc) 6. Fmoc-Arg(Pmc) 7. Fmoc-Pro

to provide N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-3-I-Tyr-NH₂ (2.5 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 1121 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 12 N-Ac-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-NH₂

The title compound was prepared using the synthetic sequence described in Example 1 and using Fmoc-Asp(β-O^(t)Bu) as amino acid No. 1. The following amino acids were added using the conditions indicated:

No. Amino Acid 2. Fmoc-Tyr(^(t)Bu) 3. Fmoc-Leu 4. Fmoc-Lys

to provide 2 mg of N-Ac-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-NH₂ (2 mg).

EXAMPLE 13 Preparation and separation of a mixture N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-3-I¹²⁵-Tyr⁵³⁵-NH₂ and N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-3-I¹²⁵-Tyr⁵³³-Asp-Tyr-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 13) and (SEQ NO: ID 14), respectively.

To a solution of 30 μg of N-acetyl-prolyl-arginyl-lysyl-leucyl-tyrosyl-aspartyl-tyrosylamide in 80 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was added one iodobead (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) and 100 μCi of NaI¹²⁵. After 10 minutes, the excess NaI¹²⁵ reagent was removed by applying the reaction mixture to a Waters C18-Light SepPack column and eluting with water then 0.1% TFA in 1:1 CH₃CN/water and collecting 3×200 μL fractions to provide a mixture of Tyr⁵³³- and Tyr⁵³⁵-radiolabeled peptides.

The hot peptide mixture was coinjected onto a C18 HPLC column with an equimolar solution of cold carriers N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-3-I-Tyr-NH₂ and N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-3-I-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-NH₂, the elution times of which had been predetermined as 36 and 38 minutes, respectively. Repeated elutions with the solvent system in Example 1 and lyophylization of the combined, relevant fractions provided the desired compound N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Asp-3-I-Tyr-NH₂ with a minimal impurity N-Ac-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-3-I-Tyr-Asp-Tyr-NH₂.

General Methodologies EXAMPLE 14 Isolation and Purification of Kringle 5 Peptide Fragments

The kringle 5 peptide fragments were prepared from the digestion of Lys plasminogen (Lys-HPg, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill.) with porcine elastase (SIGMA, St. Louis, Mo.) by a modification of the method of Powell et al. (Arch Biochem. Biophys. 248(1): 390-400 (1986), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference). 1.5 mg of porcine elastase was incubated with 200 mg of Lys-HPg in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 and rocked overnight at room temperature. The reaction was terminated by the addition of DPF (diisopropyl fluorophosphate, SIGMA) to a final concentration of 1 mM. The mixture was rocked for an additional 30 minutes, dialysed against 50 mM Tris pH 8.0 overnight and concentrated. The cleaved plasminogen was placed over a 2.5 cm×15 cm lysine-Sepharose 4B column (Brockway, W. J. and Castellino, F. J., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 151: 194-199 (1972), which is hereby incorporated by reference) and equilibrated with 50 mM Tris pH 8.0 until an absorbance of 0.05 (at 280 nm) was reached. (This step was performed to remove any fragments containing a kringle 1 region and/or a kringle 4 region (both of which bind lysine)). The non-absorbed kringle 5 peptide fragments were dialysed against 50 mM Na₂PO₄ buffer, pH 5.0 then applied to a BioRad Mono-S column equilibrated with the same buffer. The cleaved kringle 5 portion, uncut mini-HPg and remaining protease domain fraction were eluted with a 0-20%, 20-50% and 50-70% step gradient of 20 mM Phosphate/1M KCl pH 5.0. The kringle 5 peptide fragments eluted at the 50% step as determined by gel electrophesis. The collected peak was dialysed overnight against 20 mM Tris pH 8.0.

The separated kringle 5 fragments were determined to be at least 95% pure by FPLC chromatography and DodSO4/PAGE with silver staining (Coomasie Blue). Sequence analysis of the amino terminal portion of the purified fragments revealed the presence of three polypeptides having α-N-terminus sequences of VLLPDVETPS, VAPPPVVLL and VETPSEED which correspond to amino acid positions Val⁴⁴⁹-Ser⁴⁵⁸, Val⁴⁴³-Leu⁴⁵⁰ and Val⁴⁵⁴-Asp⁴⁶¹ of SEQ ID. NO: 1, respectively.

EXAMPLE 15 Endothelial Proliferation Assay

The in vitro proliferation of endothelial cells was determined as described by Lingen, et al. in Laboratory Investigation, 74: 476-483 (1996), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, using the Cell Titer 96 Aqueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, Wis.). Bovine capillary (adrenal) endothelial cells were plated at a density of 1000 cells per well in a 96-well plate in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 10% donor calf serum and 1% BSA (bovine serum albumin, GIBCO BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.). After 8 hours, the cells were starved overnight in DMEM containing 0.1% BSA then re-fed with media containing specified concentrations of inhibitor and 5 ng/mL bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor). The results of the assay were corrected both for unstimulated cells (i.e. no bFGF added) as the baseline and for cells stimulated with bFGF alone (i.e. no inhibitor added) as the maximal proliferation. When multiple experiments were combined, the results were represented as the percent change in cell number as compared to bFGF alone.

EXAMPLE 16 Endothelial Cell Migration Assay

The endothelial cell migration assay was performed essentially as described by Polverini, P. J. et al., Methods Enzymol, 198: 440-450 (1991), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, bovine capillary (adrenal) endothelial cells (BCE, supplied by Judah Folkman, Harvard University Medical School) were starved overnight in DMEM containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Cells were then harvested with trypsin and resuspended in DMEM with 0.1% BSA at a concentration of 1.5×10⁶ cells/mL. Cells were added to the bottom of a 48-well modified Boyden chamber (Nucleopore Corporation, Cabin John, Md.). The chamber was assembled and inverted, and cells were allowed to attach for 2 hours at 37° C. to polycarbonate chemotaxis membranes (5 μm pore size) that had been soaked in 0.1% gelatin overnight and dried. The chamber was then reinverted and test substances were added to the wells of the upper chamber (to a total volume of 50 μL); the apparatus was then incubated for 4 hours at 37° C. Membranes were recovered, fixed and stained (DiffQuick, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pa.) and the number of cells that had migrated to the upper chamber per 10 high power fields were counted. Background migration to DMEM+0.1% BSA was subtracted and the data reported as the number of cells migrated per 10 high power fields (400×) or when results from multiple experiments were combined, as the percent inhibition of migration compared to a positive control. The results are shown in Table 1.

EXAMPLE 17 Effect of Kringle 5 Peptide Fragments on Endothetial Cell Proliferation in vitro

The effect of kringle 5 peptide fragments on endothelial cell proliferation was determined in vitro using the above described endothelial cell proliferation assay. For these experiments, kringle 5 peptide fragments was prepared as illustrated in Examples 1 through 14 and tested at various concentrations ranging from about 100 to 1000 pM with bFGF used as a maximum proliferation control. The kringle 5 peptide fragment SEQ ID NO: 3 was effective at inhibiting BCE cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration of kringle 5 peptide fragment SEQ ID NO: 3 required to reach 50% inhibition (ED₅₀) was determined at about 300 pM. In contrast, the ED₅₀ of kringles 1-4 was shown to be 135 nM.

A summary of the effect of other kringle peptide fragments on inhibition of BCE cell proliferation is shown in Table 1. The kringle 3 peptide fragment was least effective at inhibiting BCE cell proliferation (ED₅₀=460 nM), followed by the kringle 1 peptide fragment (ED₅₀=320 nM), kringle 1-4 peptide fragments (ED₅₀=135 nM) and kringles 1-3 peptide fragments (ED₅₀=75 nM). The kringle 5 peptide fragment was the most effective at inhibiting BCE cell proliferation with an ED₅₀ of 0.3 nM.

EXAMPLE 18 Effect of Kringle 5 Peptide Fragments on Endothelial Cell Migration in vito

The effect of kringle 5 peptide fragments on endothelial cell migration was also determined in vitro using the above described endothelial cell migration assay. Kringle 5 peptide fragments inhibited BCE cell migration in a dose-dependent fashion with an ED₅₀ of approximately 300 pM. At the concentration of kringle 5 peptide fragments required for maximal inhibition of BCE cells, PC-3 cells and MDA 486 cells were also inhibited. This result, taken together with the result in Example 2, indicates that the inhibition of stimulated proliferation and migration of BCE cells by kringle 5 peptide fragments is both potent and specific to endothelial cells and not to normal or tumor cells.

The foregoing are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention to the disclosed compounds. Variations and changes which are obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope and nature of the invention which are defined in the appended claims.

Table 1 shows a summary of ED₅₀ values obtained from the inhibition of various kringle fragments on BCE cell proliferation and cell migration in vitro. In the table, kringle peptide fragments are labeled according to their corresponding sequence homology to SEQ ID NO: 1. The symbol “*” indicates data taken from Marti, D., et al, Eur. J. Biochem., 219:455-462 (1994), which is hereby incorporated by reference.

TABLE 1 Antiproliferative Activity of Migratory Inhibition of Protein Fragment from SEQ ID NO: 1 BCE Cells (ED₅₀) HMVEC Cells (ED₅₀) kringles 1-4 (angiostatin)* 135 nM 160 nM kringle 1 (Tyr⁸⁰—Glu¹⁶³)* 320 nm — kringle 2 (Glu¹⁶¹—Thr²⁴⁵)* no activity — kringle 3 (Thr²⁵³—Ser³³⁵)* 460 nM — kringle 4 (Val³⁵⁴—Val⁴⁴³)* no activity — kringles 1-3 (Tyr⁸⁰—Pro³⁵³)* 75 nM 60 nM kringles 2-3 (Glu¹⁶¹—Ser³³⁵)* — — kringle 5 (Val⁴⁴³—Ala⁵⁴³) 250 pM 200 pM kringle 5 (Val⁴⁴⁹—Ala⁵⁴³) — 240 pM kringle 5 (Val⁴⁵⁴—Ala⁵⁴³) — 220 pM kringle 5 (Val⁴⁴³—Phe⁵⁴⁶) 60 nM 55 nM kringle 5 (Val⁴⁴⁹—Phe⁵⁴⁶) — — kringle 5 (Val⁴⁵⁴—Phe⁵⁴⁶) — — kringles 4-5 (Val³⁵⁵—Ala⁵⁴³) — 280 pM kringles 4-5 (Val³⁵⁵—Phe⁵⁴⁶) — — N—Ac—Val⁴⁴⁹—Asp⁴⁶¹—NH₂ — >1 mM N—Ac—Met⁴⁶³—Pro⁴⁸²—NH₂ — >1 mM N—Ac—Gln⁴⁸⁴—Tyr⁵¹¹—NH₂ — >100 μM N—Ac—Arg⁵¹³—Trp⁵²³—NH₂ — 500 pM N—Ac—Tyr⁵²⁵—Tyr⁵³⁵—NH₂ — 200 pM N—Ac—Pro⁵²⁹—Tyr⁵³⁵—NH₂ — 120 pM N—Ac—Pro⁵²⁹—Asp⁵³⁴—NH₂ — 123 pM N—Ac—Pro¹⁵⁰—Tyr¹⁵⁶—NH₂ — 160 nM N—Ac—Arg⁵³⁰—Tyr⁵³⁵—NH₂ — 80 pM N—Ac—Pro—Arg—Lys—Leu-3-I—Tyr—Asp—Tyr—NH₂ — >100 nM N—Ac—Pro—Arg—Lys—Leu—Tyr—Asp-3-I—Tyr—NH₂ — 400 pM N—Ac—Lys⁵³¹—Tyr⁵³⁴—NH₂ — —

14 791 amino acids amino acid linear (A) DESCRIPTION protein not provided 1 Glu Pro Leu Asp Asp Tyr Val Asn Thr Gln Gly Ala Ser Leu Phe Ser 1 5 10 15 Val Thr Lys Lys Gln Leu Gly Ala Gly Ser Ile Glu Glu Cys Ala Ala 20 25 30 Lys Cys Glu Glu Asp Glu Glu Phe Thr Cys Arg Ala Phe Gln Tyr His 35 40 45 Ser Lys Glu Gln Gln Cys Val Ile Met Ala Glu Asn Arg Lys Ser Ser 50 55 60 Ile Ile Ile Arg Met Arg Asp Val Val Leu Phe Glu Lys Lys Val Tyr 65 70 75 80 Leu Ser Glu Cys Lys Thr Gly Asn Gly Lys Asn Tyr Arg Gly Thr Met 85 90 95 Ser Lys Thr Lys Asn Gly Ile Thr Cys Gln Lys Trp Ser Ser Thr Ser 100 105 110 Pro His Arg Pro Arg Phe Ser Pro Ala Thr His Pro Ser Glu Gly Leu 115 120 125 Glu Glu Asn Tyr Cys Arg Asn Pro Asp Asn Asp Pro Gln Gly Pro Trp 130 135 140 Cys Tyr Thr Thr Asp Pro Glu Lys Arg Tyr Asp Tyr Cys Asp Ile Leu 145 150 155 160 Glu Cys Glu Glu Glu Cys Met His Cys Ser Gly Glu Asn Tyr Asp Gly 165 170 175 Lys Ile Ser Lys Thr Met Ser Gly Leu Glu Cys Gln Ala Trp Asp Ser 180 185 190 Gln Ser Pro His Ala His Gly Tyr Ile Pro Ser Lys Phe Pro Asn Lys 195 200 205 Asn Leu Lys Lys Asn Tyr Cys Arg Asn Pro Asp Arg Glu Leu Arg Pro 210 215 220 Trp Cys Phe Thr Thr Asp Pro Asn Lys Arg Trp Glu Leu Cys Asp Ile 225 230 235 240 Pro Arg Cys Thr Thr Pro Pro Pro Ser Ser Gly Pro Thr Tyr Gln Cys 245 250 255 Leu Lys Gly Thr Gly Glu Asn Tyr Arg Gly Asn Val Ala Val Thr Val 260 265 270 Ser Gly His Thr Cys Gln His Trp Ser Ala Gln Thr Pro His Thr His 275 280 285 Asn Arg Thr Pro Glu Asn Phe Pro Cys Lys Asn Leu Asp Glu Asn Tyr 290 295 300 Cys Arg Asn Pro Asp Gly Lys Arg Ala Pro Trp Cys His Thr Thr Asn 305 310 315 320 Ser Gln Val Arg Trp Glu Tyr Cys Lys Ile Pro Ser Cys Asp Ser Ser 325 330 335 Pro Val Ser Thr Glu Gln Leu Ala Pro Thr Ala Pro Pro Glu Leu Thr 340 345 350 Pro Val Val Gln Asp Cys Tyr His Gly Asp Gly Gln Ser Tyr Arg Gly 355 360 365 Thr Ser Ser Thr Thr Thr Thr Gly Lys Lys Cys Gln Ser Trp Ser Ser 370 375 380 Met Thr Pro His Arg His Gln Lys Thr Pro Glu Asn Tyr Pro Asn Ala 385 390 395 400 Gly Leu Thr Met Asn Tyr Cys Arg Asn Pro Asp Ala Asp Lys Gly Pro 405 410 415 Trp Cys Phe Thr Thr Asp Pro Ser Val Arg Trp Glu Tyr Cys Asn Leu 420 425 430 Lys Lys Cys Ser Gly Thr Glu Ala Ser Val Val Ala Pro Pro Pro Val 435 440 445 Val Leu Leu Pro Asp Val Glu Thr Pro Ser Glu Glu Asp Cys Met Phe 450 455 460 Gly Asn Gly Lys Gly Tyr Arg Gly Lys Arg Ala Thr Thr Val Thr Gly 465 470 475 480 Thr Pro Cys Gln Asp Trp Ala Ala Gln Glu Pro His Arg His Ser Ile 485 490 495 Phe Thr Pro Glu Thr Asn Pro Arg Ala Gly Leu Glu Lys Asn Tyr Cys 500 505 510 Arg Asn Pro Asp Gly Asp Val Gly Gly Pro Trp Cys Tyr Thr Thr Asn 515 520 525 Pro Arg Lys Leu Tyr Asp Tyr Cys Asp Val Pro Gln Cys Ala Ala Pro 530 535 540 Ser Phe Asp Cys Gly Lys Pro Gln Val Glu Pro Lys Lys Cys Pro Gly 545 550 555 560 Arg Val Val Gly Gly Cys Val Ala His Pro His Ser Trp Pro Trp Gln 565 570 575 Val Ser Leu Arg Thr Arg Phe Gly Met His Phe Cys Gly Gly Thr Leu 580 585 590 Ile Ser Pro Glu Trp Val Leu Thr Ala Ala His Cys Leu Glu Lys Ser 595 600 605 Pro Arg Pro Ser Ser Tyr Lys Val Ile Leu Gly Ala His Gln Glu Val 610 615 620 Asn Leu Glu Pro His Val Gln Glu Ile Glu Val Ser Arg Leu Phe Leu 625 630 635 640 Glu Pro Thr Arg Lys Asp Ile Ala Leu Leu Lys Leu Ser Ser Pro Ala 645 650 655 Val Ile Thr Asp Lys Val Ile Pro Ala Cys Leu Pro Ser Pro Asn Tyr 660 665 670 Val Val Ala Asp Arg Thr Glu Cys Phe Ile Thr Gly Trp Gly Glu Thr 675 680 685 Gln Gly Thr Phe Gly Ala Gly Leu Leu Lys Glu Ala Gln Leu Pro Val 690 695 700 Ile Glu Asn Lys Val Cys Asn Arg Tyr Glu Phe Leu Asn Gly Arg Val 705 710 715 720 Gln Ser Thr Glu Leu Cys Ala Gly His Leu Ala Gly Gly Thr Asp Ser 725 730 735 Cys Gln Gly Asp Ser Gly Gly Pro Leu Val Cys Phe Glu Lys Asp Lys 740 745 750 Tyr Ile Leu Gln Gly Val Thr Ser Trp Gly Leu Gly Cys Ala Arg Pro 755 760 765 Asn Lys Pro Gly Val Tyr Val Arg Val Ser Arg Phe Val Thr Trp Ile 770 775 780 Glu Gly Val Met Arg Asn Asn 785 790 101 amino acids amino acid linear (A) DESCRIPTION protein internal not provided 2 Val Ala Pro Pro Pro Val Val Leu Leu Pro Asp Val Glu Thr Pro Ser 1 5 10 15 Glu Glu Asp Cys Met Phe Gly Asn Gly Lys Gly Tyr Arg Gly Lys Arg 20 25 30 Ala Thr Thr Val Thr Gly Thr Pro Cys Gln Asp Trp Ala Ala Gln Glu 35 40 45 Pro His Arg His Ser Ile Phe Thr Pro Glu Thr Asn Pro Arg Ala Gly 50 55 60 Leu Glu Lys Asn Tyr Cys Arg Asn Pro Asp Gly Asp Val Gly Gly Pro 65 70 75 80 Trp Cys Tyr Thr Thr Asn Pro Arg Lys Leu Tyr Asp Tyr Cys Asp Val 85 90 95 Pro Gln Cys Ala Ala 100 95 amino acids amino acid linear (A) DESCRIPTION protein internal not provided 3 Val Leu Leu Pro Asp Val Glu Thr Pro Ser Glu Glu Asp Cys Met Phe 1 5 10 15 Gly Asn Gly Lys Gly Tyr Arg Gly Lys Arg Ala Thr Thr Val Thr Gly 20 25 30 Thr Pro Cys Gln Asp Trp Ala Ala Gln Glu Pro His Arg His Ser Ile 35 40 45 Phe Thr Pro Glu Thr Asn Pro Arg Ala Gly Leu Glu Lys Asn Tyr Cys 50 55 60 Arg Asn Pro Asp Gly Asp Val Gly Gly Pro Trp Cys Tyr Thr Thr Asn 65 70 75 80 Pro Arg Lys Leu Tyr Asp Tyr Cys Asp Val Pro Gln Cys Ala Ala 85 90 95 90 amino acids amino acid linear (A) DESCRIPTION protein internal not provided 4 Val Glu Thr Pro Ser Glu Glu Asp Cys Met Phe Gly Asn Gly Lys Gly 1 5 10 15 Tyr Arg Gly Lys Arg Ala Thr Thr Val Thr Gly Thr Pro Cys Gln Asp 20 25 30 Trp Ala Ala Gln Glu Pro His Arg His Ser Ile Phe Thr Pro Glu Thr 35 40 45 Asn Pro Arg Ala Gly Leu Glu Lys Asn Tyr Cys Arg Asn Pro Asp Gly 50 55 60 Asp Val Gly Gly Pro Trp Cys Tyr Thr Thr Asn Pro Arg Lys Leu Tyr 65 70 75 80 Asp Tyr Cys Asp Val Pro Gln Cys Ala Ala 85 90 104 amino acids amino acid linear (A) DESCRIPTION protein internal not provided 5 Val Ala Pro Pro Pro Val Val Leu Leu Pro Asp Val Glu Thr Pro Ser 1 5 10 15 Glu Glu Asp Cys Met Phe Gly Asn Gly Lys Gly Tyr Arg Gly Lys Arg 20 25 30 Ala Thr Thr Val Thr Gly Thr Pro Cys Gln Asp Trp Ala Ala Gln Glu 35 40 45 Pro His Arg His Ser Ile Phe Thr Pro Glu Thr Asn Pro Arg Ala Gly 50 55 60 Leu Glu Lys Asn Tyr Cys Arg Asn Pro Asp Gly Asp Val Gly Gly Pro 65 70 75 80 Trp Cys Tyr Thr Thr Asn Pro Arg Lys Leu Tyr Asp Tyr Cys Asp Val 85 90 95 Pro Gln Cys Ala Ala Pro Ser Phe 100 98 amino acids amino acid linear (A) DESCRIPTION protein internal not provided 6 Val Leu Leu Pro Asp Val Glu Thr Pro Ser Glu Glu Asp Cys Met Phe 1 5 10 15 Gly Asn Gly Lys Gly Tyr Arg Gly Lys Arg Ala Thr Thr Val Thr Gly 20 25 30 Thr Pro Cys Gln Asp Trp Ala Ala Gln Glu Pro His Arg His Ser Ile 35 40 45 Phe Thr Pro Glu Thr Asn Pro Arg Ala Gly Leu Glu Lys Asn Tyr Cys 50 55 60 Arg Asn Pro Asp Gly Asp Val Gly Gly Pro Trp Cys Tyr Thr Thr Asn 65 70 75 80 Pro Arg Lys Leu Tyr Asp Tyr Cys Asp Val Pro Gln Cys Ala Ala Pro 85 90 95 Ser Phe 93 amino acids amino acid linear (A) DESCRIPTION protein internal not provided 7 Val Glu Thr Pro Ser Glu Glu Asp Cys Met Phe Gly Asn Gly Lys Gly 1 5 10 15 Tyr Arg Gly Lys Arg Ala Thr Thr Val Thr Gly Thr Pro Cys Gln Asp 20 25 30 Trp Ala Ala Gln Glu Pro His Arg His Ser Ile Phe Thr Pro Glu Thr 35 40 45 Asn Pro Arg Ala Gly Leu Glu Lys Asn Tyr Cys Arg Asn Pro Asp Gly 50 55 60 Asp Val Gly Gly Pro Trp Cys Tyr Thr Thr Asn Pro Arg Lys Leu Tyr 65 70 75 80 Asp Tyr Cys Asp Val Pro Gln Cys Ala Ala Pro Ser Phe 85 90 102 amino acids amino acid linear (A) DESCRIPTION protein internal not provided mouse sequence 8 Val Glu Leu Pro Thr Val Ser Gln Glu Pro Ser Gly Pro Ser Asp Ser 1 5 10 15 Glu Thr Asp Cys Met Tyr Gly Asn Asp Lys Asp Tyr Arg Thr Lys Thr 20 25 30 Ala Val Ala Ala Ala Gly Thr Pro Gly Gln Gly Trp Ala Ala Gln Glu 35 40 45 Pro His Arg His Ser Ile Phe Thr Pro Gln Thr Asn Pro Arg Ala Gly 50 55 60 Leu Glu Lys Asn Tyr Cys Arg Asn Pro Asp Gly Asp Val Asn Gly Pro 65 70 75 80 Trp Cys Tyr Thr Thr Asn Pro Arg Ser Leu Tyr Asp Tyr Cys Asp Ile 85 90 95 Pro Leu Cys Ala Ser Ala 100 100 amino acids amino acid linear (A) DESCRIPTION protein internal not provided monkey sequence 9 Ala Ala Pro Pro Pro Val Ala Gln Leu Pro Asp Ala Glu Thr Pro Ser 1 5 10 15 Glu Glu Asp Cys Met Phe Gly Asn Gly Lys Gly Tyr Arg Gly Lys Lys 20 25 30 Ala Thr Thr Val Thr Gly Thr Pro Cys Gln Asp Trp Ala Ala Gln Glu 35 40 45 Pro His Ser His Arg Ile Phe Thr Pro Glu Thr Asn Pro Arg Ala Gly 50 55 60 Leu Glu Lys Asn Tyr Cys Arg Asn Pro Asp Gly Asp Val Gly Gly Pro 65 70 75 80 Trp Cys Tyr Thr Thr Asn Pro Arg Ser Leu Phe Asp Tyr Cys Asp Val 85 90 95 Pro Gln Cys Ala 100 97 amino acids amino acid linear (A) DESCRIPTION protein internal not provided bovine sequence 10 Pro Ala Ala Pro Gln Ala Pro Gly Val Glu Asn Pro Pro Glu Ala Asp 1 5 10 15 Cys Met Ile Gly Thr Gly Lys Ser Tyr Arg Gly Lys Lys Ala Thr Thr 20 25 30 Val Ala Gly Val Pro Cys Gln Glu Trp Ala Ala Gln Glu Pro His His 35 40 45 His Ser Ile Phe Thr Pro Glu Thr Asn Pro Gln Ser Gly Leu Glu Arg 50 55 60 Asn Tyr Cys Arg Asn Pro Asp Gly Asp Val Asn Gly Pro Trp Cys Tyr 65 70 75 80 Thr Met Asn Pro Arg Ser Leu Phe Asp Tyr Cys Asp Val Pro Gln Cys 85 90 95 Glu 101 amino acids amino acid linear (A) DESCRIPTION protein internal not provided porcine sequence 11 Thr Asn Phe Pro Ala Ile Ala Gln Val Pro Ser Val Glu Asp Leu Ser 1 5 10 15 Glu Glu Asp Cys Met Phe Gly Asn Gly Lys Arg Tyr Arg Gly Lys Arg 20 25 30 Ala Thr Thr Val Ala Gly Val Pro Cys Gln Glu Trp Ala Ala Gln Glu 35 40 45 Pro His Arg His Ser Ile Phe Thr Pro Glu Thr Asn Pro Arg Ala Gly 50 55 60 Leu Glu Lys Asn Tyr Cys Arg Asn Pro Asp Gly Asp Asp Asn Gly Pro 65 70 75 80 Trp Cys Tyr Thr Thr Asn Pro Gln Lys Leu Phe Asp Tyr Cys Asp Val 85 90 95 Pro Gln Cys Val Thr 100 2497 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA not provided 12 CATCCTGGGA TTGGGACCCA CTTTCTGGGC ACTGCTGGCC AGTCCCAAAA TGGAACATAA 60 GGAAGTGGTT CTTCTACTTC TTTTATTTCT GAAATCAGGT CAAGGAGAGC CTCTGGATGA 120 CTATGTGAAT ACCCAGGGGG CTTCACTGTT CAGTGTCACT AAGAAGCAGC TGGGAGCAGG 180 AAGTATAGAA GAATGTGCAG CAAAATGTGA GGAGGACGAA GAATTCACCT GCAGGGCATT 240 CCAATATCAC AGTAAAGAGC AACAATGTGT GATAATGGCT GAAAACAGGA AGTCCTCCAT 300 AATCATTAGG ATGAGAGATG TAGTTTTATT TGAAAAGAAA GTGTATCTCT CAGAGTGCAA 360 GACTGGGAAT GGAAAGAACT ACAGAGGGAC GATGTCCAAA ACAAAAAATG GCATCACCTG 420 TCAAAAATGG AGTTCCACTT CTCCCCACAG ACCTAGATTC TCACCTGCTA CACACCCCTC 480 AGAGGGACTG GAGGAGAACT ACTGCAGGAA TCCAGACAAC GATCCGCAGG GGCCCTGGTG 540 CTATACTACT GATCCAGAAA AGAGATATGA CTACTGCGAC ATTCTTGAGT GTGAAGAGGA 600 ATGTATGCAT TGCAGTGGAG AAAACTATGA CGGCAAAATT TCCAAGACCA TGTCTGGACT 660 GGAATGCCAG GCCTGGGACT CTCAGAGCCC ACACGCTCAT GGATACATTC CTTCCAAATT 720 TCCAAACAAG AACCTGAAGA AGAATTACTG TCGTAACCCC GATAGGGAGC TGCGGCCTTG 780 GTGTTTCACC ACCGACCCCA ACAAGCGCTG GGAACTTTGT GACATCCCCC GCTGCACAAC 840 ACCTCCACCA TCTTCTGGTC CCACCTACCA GTGTCTGAAG GGAACAGGTG AAAACTATCG 900 CGGGAATGTG GCTGTTACCG TGTCCGGGCA CACCTGTCAG CACTGGAGTG CACAGACCCC 960 TCACACACAT AACAGGACAC CAGAAAACTT CCCCTGCAAA AATTTGGATG AAAACTACTG 1020 CCGCAATCCT GACGGAAAAA GGGCCCCATG GTGCCATACA ACCAACAGCC AAGTGCGGTG 1080 GGAGTACTGT AAGATACCGT CCTGTGACTC CTCCCCAGTA TCCACGGAAC AATTGGCTCC 1140 CACAGCACCA CCTGAGCTAA CCCCTGTGGT CCAGGACTGC TACCATGGTG ATGGACAGAG 1200 CTACCGAGGC ACATCCTCCA CCACCACCAC AGGAAAGAAG TGTCAGTCTT GGTCATCTAT 1260 GACACCACAC CGGCACCAGA AGACCCCAGA AAACTACCCA AATGCTGGCC TGACAATGAA 1320 CTACTGCAGG AATCCAGATG CCGATAAAGG CCCCTGGTGT TTTACCACAG ACCCCAGCGT 1380 CAGGTGGGAG TACTGCAACC TGAAAAAATG CTCAGGAACA GAAGCGAGTG TTGTAGCACC 1440 TCCGCCTGTT GTCCTGCTTC CAGATGTAGA GACTCCTTCC GAAGAAGACT GTATGTTTGG 1500 GAATGGGAAA GGATACCGAG GCAAGAGGGC GACCACTGTT ACTGGGACGC CATGCCAGGA 1560 CTGGGCTGCC CAGGAGCCCC ATAGACACAG CATTTTCACT CCAGAGACAA ATCCACGGGC 1620 GGGTCTGGAA AAAAATTACT GCCGTAACCC TGATGGTGAT GTAGGTGGTC CCTGGTGCTA 1680 CACGACAAAT CCAAGAAAAC TTTACGACTA CTGTGATGTC CCTCAGTGTG CGGCCCCTTC 1740 ATTTGATTGT GGGAAGCCTC AAGTGGAGCC GAAGAAATGT CCTGGAAGGG TTGTAGGGGG 1800 GTGTGTGGCC CACCCACATT CCTGGCCCTG GCAAGTCAGT CTTAGAACAA GGTTTGGAAT 1860 GCACTTCTGT GGAGGCACCT TGATATCCCC AGAGTGGGTG TTGACTGCTG CCCACTGCTT 1920 GGAGAAGTCC CCAAGGCCTT CATCCTACAA GGTCATCCTG GGTGCACACC AAGAAGTGAA 1980 TCTCGAACCG CATGTTCAGG AAATAGAAGT GTCTAGGCTG TTCTTGGAGC CCACACGAAA 2040 AGATATTGCC TTGCTAAAGC TAAGCAGTCC TGCCGTCATC ACTGACAAAG TAATCCCAGC 2100 TTGTCTGCCA TCCCCAAATT ATGTGGTCGC TGACCGGACC GAATGTTTCG TCACTGGCTG 2160 GGGAGAAACC CAAGGTACTT TTGGAGCTGG CCTTCTCAAG GAAGCCCAGC TCCCTGTGAT 2220 TGAGAATAAA GTGTGCAATC GCTATGAGTT TCTGAATGGA AGAGTCCAAT CCACCGAACT 2280 CTGTGCTGGG CATTTGGCCG GAGGCACTGA CAGTTGCCAG GGTGACAGTG GAGGTCCTCT 2340 GGTTTGCTTC GAGAAGGACA AATACATTTT ACAAGGAGTC ACTTCTTGGG GTCTTGGCTG 2400 TGCACGCCCC AATAAGCCTG GTGTCTATGT TCGTGTTTCA AGGTTTGTTA CTTGGATTGA 2460 GGGAGTGATG AGAAATAATT AATTGGACGG GAGACAG 2497 7 amino acids amino acid linear (A) DESCRIPTION peptide internal fragment not provided Tyr number 7 is 3-I-Tyr. 13 Pro Arg Lys Leu Tyr Asp Tyr 1 5 7 amino acids amino acid linear (A) DESCRIPTION peptide internal fragment not provided Tyr number 5 is 3-I-Tyr. 14 Pro Arg Lys Leu Tyr Asp Tyr 1 5 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating a disease in a patient in need of antiangiogenesis therapy comprising administering to a human or animal a therapeutically effective amount of a mammalian kringle 5 peptide fragment, wherein said mammalian kringle 5 peptide fragment is a compound of the formula A-B-C-X-Y  (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, wherein A is absent or a nitrogen protecting group; Y is absent or a carboxylic acid protecting group; B is absent or is from 1 to about 176 naturally-occurring amino acid residues having substantial sequence homology to the corresponding amino acid sequence from about amino acid position 334 to amino acid position 513 of SEQ ID NO:1; C is the sequence from amino acid position 514 to amino acid position 523 of SEQ ID NO:1; and X is absent or is from 1 to about 10 naturally-occurring amino acid residues having substantial sequence homology to the corresponding amino acid sequence from amino acid position 524 to about amino acid position 533 of SEQ ID NO:1.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein X is absent and A, Y, B, and C are as defined therein.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein B-C is the amino acid sequence from positions 513-523 of SEQ ID NO:1 and A and Y are as defined therein.
 4. A method of inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation, comprising administering to an endothelial cell an effective amount of a protein having an amino acid sequence encoding a mammalian kringle 5 peptide fragment of a plasminogen molecule, wherein said mammal kringle 5 peptide fragment is a compound having the formula  A-B-Y  (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, wherein A is absent or a nitrogen protecting group; B is the amino acid sequence from positions 513-523 of SEQ ID NO:1; and Y is absent or a carboxylic acid protecting group. 